Macbeth As A Butcher Essay - 1681 Words

â€Å"For the play Macbeth to work as a tragedy, Shakespeare had to maintain our sympathy with a character whose actions become increasingly ‘’those of a butcher†. Discuss.† The play Macbeth, composed by William Shakespeare in 1606, can be considered as a tragedy when feelings of sympathy for a character who becomes increasingly ambitious and when a character is affected by another’s increase in ambition is evoked upon the audience. Through the distress that the audience feels for Macbeth as he suffers his downfall from being pressured to give in to his ambition, the sorrow inflicted upon encountering many deaths due to Macbeth’s actions which are â€Å"those of a butcher† and the pity felt for Macbeth when the sacrifices he makes to achieve his†¦show more content†¦By making Macbeth’s first impression on the audience to be an honest and trustworthy soldier in the sense that he admits his own flaws and guarantees Duncan’s safety through his own sense of morality, Shakespeare creates room for sympathy when Macbeth loses these attributes through external pressure. Lady Macbeth’s attempt at persuading Macbe th to murder Duncan by mocking his manhood, â€Å"Wouldst thou have that Which thou esteem’st the ornament of life, And live a coward in thine own esteem† demonstrates how she sways Macbeth into making him believe what he wants to believe, that is, wanting to take the throne. With the aid of inclusive language, ‘thou esteem’st’ to’, and insinuated emasculation, ‘And live a coward in thine own esteem’, Lady Macbeth pressurises and strips Macbeth of his moral and loyal characteristics, imposing unrequested acts of ambition onto him. Accordingly, with Macbeth being pressured by his own foresight and obliged to comply with the expectations of his wife into committing to something that he was once against, audiences can understand to a certain degree the distress that Macbeth is going through. Therefore, with the audience perceiving Macbeth to be liberated from voluntarily performing selfish actions such as murder to raise his own po sition in the Elizabethan monarchy, this in turn emphasises both hisShow MoreRelated Macbeth Is A Butcher And Lady Macbeth Is A Fiend-like Queen Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pages In Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, the following statement can be applied, â€Å"Macbeth is a butcher and Lady Macbeth is a fiend-like queen.† This is a true statement as many occurrences involving Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray them in this way. A butcher can be defined as someone who kills or has people killed needlessly or brutally. The term butcher used in this way describes Macbeth to some extent. During the play, Macbeth is involved in the murder of many people, including King Duncan, Banquo,Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prickRead MoreGreek Theater: Tragedy Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagestragedy where comedies the heroes are ironic and disengaged to the situations. With the tragedy, heroes often respond with emotions such as pride, rage, lust, envy or grief. This essay will focus on the tragedy side of Greek theatre. Aristotle says that tragedy â€Å"is not the imitations of persons but of actions and of life.† (Butcher 1961). Here â€Å"imitation† meaning ‘mimesis’-poet creating a image out of nothing, representing reality itself giving it form and meaning. Furthermore the actions are the mimesisRead More Butcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth1034 Words   |  5 PagesButcher and His Fiend Like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth I do agree with this judgement of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, but only in some aspects of the play by William Shakespeare. There are many arguments for this judgement; these will be discussed in this essay. In act one scene two Macbeth is portrayed as a heartless, merciless and brutal warrior. We get this impression of Macbeth from the report that is given to King Duncan by the captain; For brave MacbethRead More A Comparison of Macbeth and Oedipus the King Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Macbeth and Oedipus Rex  Ã‚   The objective of this essay is to compare the Shakespearian tragedy Macbeth to the Greek tragedy, Oedipus Rex. Although the plays share similarities, it will be seen that the fall of Macbeth is very different from that of Oedipus. Macbeths downfall is due to his own personal decisions while the downfall of Oedipus is due to fate and the will of the gods. In Greek tragedy plot was always emphasized over character; everyone wore masks. TheseRead MoreEssay about Evil in William Shakespeares Macbeth755 Words   |  4 PagesEvil in William Shakespeares Macbeth Evil. It is a word that has been used for hundreds of years, yet the meaning is ones interpretation of what is evil. The criteria for an evil act have changed over the years also. My interpretation of evil is a very bad or ill act against a person, animal or God. Macbeth, dead butcher and evil man? This essay will discuss this question. At the start of the play Macbeth is portrayed as a brave soldier, who would do anything forRead MoreShakespeares Monk981 Words   |  4 Pagesmanaged to incorporate in his novel, The Monk is the play Macbeth. And although the parallels of the two stories aren’t as strikingly similar as that between The Monk and Measure for Measure, I assure you, they are there. In this instance, Lewis draws on Shakespeare for character development more than anything. The similarities between Ambrosio and Macbeth, and Matilda and Lady Macbeth are pretty apparent. Ambrosio, much like Macbeth is startlingly easy to manipulate. Though he has seeminglyRead MoreLady Macbeth by William Shakespeare1086 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare tragic hero; Macbeth is undoubtedly conveyed as one of literatures greatest fallen heroes. Initially presented as an admirable hero, he self destructs from external and internal forces. The witches ignited Macbeth’s ambition and temptations prove too strong for the one admired war hero, whilst Lady Macbeth prays up on his exceptional being of vaulting ambition. Throughout the essay, the factors influence Macbeth’s downfall will be explored. The witches participate significantly in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1659 Words   |  7 PagesHonors 9 November 2015 Macbeth Essay The theme of tragedy appears in various amounts of movies, literature, and plays which provided entertainment for people throughout the years. Movies and plays such as â€Å"The Titanic† and â€Å"Romeo Juliet† gave audiences a pang of sadness and amusement as the story line unraveled. Notably, the prevalence of the theme occurs in Shakespearean plays such as the tale of Macbeth which displays Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. The play Macbeth lives up to Aristotle’sRead More Macbeth - Kingship Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesWith detailed reference to the characters of Macbeth, Duncan, Malcolm and Edward in the play ‘Macbeth’, analyse William Shakespeare’s ideas and attributes towards kingship and assess what you think the audiences reaction to the play would be at the time. Shakespeare’s ideas towards kingship can be seen throughout the play. He shows that a king should be chosen by divine right and shows the attributes of what a good king should be. The play ‘Macbeth’ is set in medieval Scotland at the fictional

Immigrant Tragedy in the Cariboo Café - 1383 Words

Helena Maria Viramontes grew up in Los Angeles where relatives used to stay and live with her family when making the transition from Mexico to the United States. This is where she got her first taste of the lives of immigrants in this country within the urban barrios. Viramontess writing reflects this theme along with expressing her political opinions on the treatments of immigrants, especially Chicanos and Latinos. In her short story The Cariboo Cafà ©, Viramontes brings these ideas to life through three sections narrated by different individuals tied into the story. The Cariboo Cafà © is a story of Chicano immigrants and a Central American refugee. Along with these characters is the owner of the Cariboo Cafà ©, who comes in contact with†¦show more content†¦The speaker also talks of Nell, his ex-wife. Though there were things that annoyed him about her, he still speaks fondly of her. For instance, he remarks, Thats why Nell was good to have ‘round. She could be a pain in the ass, you know, like making me hang those stupid bells, but mostly she knew what to do. This allows the reader to see that the loss of his family has had a deep impact on him. He misses his wife and son and speaks of how families should be together, though his never will be again. This is what provokes him to do what he did next. The speaker sees a young sister and brother come into the Cariboo Cafà © with their mother. He also sees this same woman and children on T.V. with the report that the woman kidnapped these children. He states that he does not ordinarily get involved in affairs like these; however, when the police show up at the cafà ©, he points them toward the bathroom where the woman and two children are. The third section changes speakers once again. The reader is now getting a first person narrative of a Central American refugee woman. In the first paragraph she speaks of her son, Geraldo, who has been taken away from her and put in the detainers. Her voice is much less harsh than the previous speaker. Hers is softer and pleading. Her tone is one of desperation, desperation for losing her only child. She pleads, It is such delicate work, Lord,Show MoreRelatedImmigrant Tragedy in the Cariboo Cafà © by Viramontes1409 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrant Tragedy in The Cariboo Cafà © by Viramontes Helena Maria Viramontes grew up in Los Angeles where relatives used to stay and live with her family when making the transition from Mexico to the United States. This is where she got her first taste of the lives of immigrants in this country within the urban barrios. Viramontess writing reflects this theme along with expressing her political opinions on the treatments of immigrants, especially Chicanos and Latinos. In her short story TheRead MoreThe Cariboo Cafe1421 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrant Tragedy in The Cariboo Cafà © Helena Maria Viramontes grew up in Los Angeles where relatives used to stay and live with her family when making the transition from Mexico to the United States. This is where she got her first taste of the lives of immigrants in this country within the urban barrios. Viramontess writing reflects this theme along with expressing her political opinions on the treatments of immigrants, especially Chicanos and Latinos. In her short story The Cariboo Cafà ©Read MoreThe Cariboo Cafe : A Story Of Chicano Immigrants And A Central American Refugee1390 Words   |  6 Pageswhere she got her first taste of the lives of immigrants in this country within the urban barrios. Viramontes s writing reflects this theme along with expressing her political opinions on the treatments of immigrants, especially Chicanos and Latinos. In her short story The Cariboo Cafà ©, Viramontes brings these ideas to life through three sections narrated by different individuals tied into the story. The Cariboo Cafà © is a story of Chicano immigrants and a Central American refugee. Along with these

Grief and Healing in The Stone Boy free essay sample

Grief and Healing in â€Å"The Stone Boy† by Gina Berriault Gina Berriault’s â€Å"The Stone Boy† is an intricate examination of a family coping with tragedy. In a key passage of the story, Arnold hides out in the barn as his family goes to search for Eugene. Arnold’s physical separation from his family is symbolic of the emotional distance that escalates through the story, culminating in the strained relationship illustrated in the resolution of the conflict. This passage is crucial to understanding the theme of the story which is that while grief presents itself in many forms, comfort and understanding are essential elements in the healing process and if these basic human needs are not met, grief will manifest itself as an isolating and divisive factor. Arnold’s separation from his family coincides with his increasing sense of culpability revealing the destructive impact of managing one’s grief in isolation. When Arnold’s family discover Eugene’s body, the narrator states that â€Å"sounds sharp as knives were rising from his [Arnold’s] mother’s breast† (387). When Arnold hears the uproar, the narrator describes Arnold as laying â€Å"still as a fugitive† (387). The anguish that Arnold’s mother displays is expressed through the use of a powerful metaphor, describing her screams as â€Å"sharp as knives†, which greatly contrasts Arnold’s response to the tragedy: withdrawal and isolation. A â€Å"mother’s breast† is normally associated with ideas of nurture and comfort, but in this case Arnold cannot seek solace in his mother’s bosom as it is representative of a mother’s heartbreaking loss. Arnold does not vocalise his pain but instead elects to remain in solitude. The conflicting methods of grieving creates a barrier between Arnold and his family as evidenced by Arnold’s decision to lie â€Å"still as a fugitive† rather than rush down to his mother’s side. The narrator’s use of the term â€Å"fugitive† suggests that Arnold feels guilty for what has transpired and is fleeing the judgement of his family. It is commonly accepted that fugitives are criminals living outside of normal communities and Arnold has relegated himself to that lonely status. Arnold’s decision to remain in isolation if his parents neglect to reach out to him suggests that recognition is crucial to the healing process. When Arnold begins to worry that his parents would not call on him, the narrator states that Arnold vows to â€Å"stay up in the loft forever† (387). Arnold’s fear that his parents would not search for him show his desire to be comforted and recognised by his family. However, Arnold does not overtly reach out for comfort on his own, suggesting that the effort must be made from a member of his family. Arnold’s integration into the family is dependent on his parents’ actions, revealed in the ultimatum he reaches. In the absence of such a gesture, Arnold’s isolation causes him to think irrationally by believing he could live in the loft â€Å"forever†. Arnold’s resolve to remain in the loft suggests that he is unable to cope with his grief in an effective manner and only the support of his family would reverse the harsh prospects he imagines. Although Arnold is the one who initiated the physical separation from his family, his need to be called down shows that recognition is essential for him to be able to reunite with his family. In the resolution of the conflict, Arnold’s parents’ acknowledgement of him is initially comforting to Arnold, but then he quickly reverts back to his solitary behaviour, suggesting that the understanding he needed was offered too late and the isolation he experienced has created a divisive force in his household. Arnold’s parents make efforts to reach out to Arnold, such as Arnold’s father sharing the milk pitcher at the breakfast table (394) and Arnold’s mother asking if Arnold had come to her door in the night (395). In response to his parents’ efforts the narrator states that Arnold â€Å"called upon his pride to protect him from them† (395). Arnold lies to his mother regarding the reason he came to her door, and his lie leaves â€Å"his legs trembling from the fright his answer game him† (395). The relief that Arnold experiences when his father extends him the milk pitcher, a symbol of sharing employed by the narrator, strongly suggests that the need for consolation is instrumental in assisting the healing process. However, when Arnold wilfully resists his parents’ attempts to reach out to him and he feels he must â€Å"protect [himself] from them† it is clear that the efforts came too late. Arnold’s emotional distance from his family is subtly shown in the narrator’s use of the objective pronoun â€Å"them† to refer to Arnold’s parents, versus the possessive pronoun, ‘his’. Arnold opts to lie to his mother rather than confess his vulnerability revealing a break in his ties with his family. The fear that this lie instils in Arnold shows that Arnold recognises that the relationship with his family has been irreparably damaged. â€Å"The Stone Boy† portrays a family unable to recognise a son’s abnormal behaviour as a valid reaction to a traumatic event. The story effectively argues that the need for understanding must be met in order to heal, and without that recognition the severity of the grief will only intensify. This analysis does not address the idea of maturation through death and rebirth. Further examination could explore the idea that the death of Eugene instigates a metaphorical death of Arnold’s childhood innocence and Arnold assuming Eugene’s role in the family is representative of rebirth. Works Cited Berriault, Gina. â€Å"The Stone Boy. † 1957. Points of View: An Anthology of Short Stories. rev. ed. Ed. James Moffett and Kenneth R. McElheny. New York: Penguin, 1995. 383-395.

Why did people suddenly decide to start creating images of the world a

Why did people suddenly decide to start creating images of the world around them? Short Stories: Meditations 3/3/2014 The Sun, The Moon, The Stars The author Junior expresses himself in the story using his own judgment. As the story begins the American Dominican leads us on explaining how he was never a bad guy. He pushes the reader down a path where junior knew a mistake had been made. Junior had affair with a woman known as Cassandra and told his girlfriend at the time Magda. Junior telling his girlfriend after she finds the note from Cassandra looks to establishing the idea of it being a mistake. Like every other dude in life. As the story continues they take a trip to the Dominican republic looking to better themselves in the relationship. The trip ends up as a failure and both sides falter. Junior wanted to stay on the country side of the island while Magda wanted to visit the beach and relax. The difference is character showed me that this relationship was never going to last. Reading the short story I tried to look towards Juniors tone. Diaz writing style, felt like Junior was telling me the story like he and myself might have been friends. His descriptions of his side of the story were not really heartwarming or meant to be dishonest. The story was there to build sympathy, but seemed to come from a person who understood that a mistake had been made.

Scare Quotes and Sneer Words

Scare Quotes and Sneer Words Scare Quotes and Sneer Words Scare Quotes and Sneer Words By Mark Nichol When a writer wishes to call attention to a dubious or specious claim or to a person of questionable honesty, two forms of shorthand are available: scare quotes and sneer words. Scare quotes are quotation marks framing a word or phrase to call attention to it and point out that the writer does not accept the word or phrase as valid or that the writer is casting aspersions. For example, one might write, â€Å"Several ‘experts’ were unable to provide a convincing explanation.† (This sentence mocks the supposed experts for their failure to demonstrate their expertise.) Another use of scare quotes is to point out someone’s disingenuous behavior, as in â€Å"She conveniently ‘forgot’ to send an invitation to her sister-in-law.† (These quotation marks indicate that the forgetfulness was feigned.) An alternate method, one that is necessary in speaking to make one’s point, is to use â€Å"quote-unquote.† In writing, of course, this is redundant to the actual use of scare quotes, but it’s used occasionally in an attempt to be droll, as in â€Å"I walked in to find him quote-unquote indisposed† to refer to someone who is clearly inebriated. The second technique, the name of which seems to have been coined by the late language maven William Safire, is to precede a word or phrase with an adjective that indicates the writer’s disdain. One of those sneer words, supposed, appears above to describe an unimpressive demonstrate of expertise. A synonym is purported, meaning â€Å"claimed†; would-be, when it modifies a title or description of a person, suggests that that person is merely an aspirant to that achievement, as in â€Å"We were unimpressed by the performance of the would-be pop star.† Terms with the same connotation include self-anointed, self-appointed, self-proclaimed, and self-styled. Various other combinations can provide judgmental commentary. For example, to say that somebody is hand-picked can neutrally indicate that the person has been chosen as another person’s successor, assistant, or confidant, but with carefully crafted context, it can also suggest that the hand-picked person is not necessarily qualified or suitable for the job. Once-powerful, meanwhile, suggests that someone has fallen in status; again, context can make clear that the term is deprecatory. Writers should take care when using scare quotes and sneer words; they are at best merely informative, possibly humorous, and at worst malicious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidHow to Pronounce MobileShore It Up

7 Ways to Deep Clean Your Resume

7 Ways to Deep Clean Your Resume In preparation for going away for the Thanksgiving holiday, I decided to â€Å"deep clean† my kitchen. As I was wiping down the back panel of my stove (the one with all the buttons), it struck me that the Whirlpool logo was light blue. I had never thought twice about the color of that logo in the four years I had lived in this apartment. But now I got curious, and discovered a light blue protective sticker covering up the silver Whirlpool logo that was meant to ornament the stove. I pulled it off, and the appliance now seems just a little bit newer: It shines the way it was intended. Moving on to the sink, I discovered a similar sticker on the metal container that holds my scrubbies. I pulled that one off too. It’s like I have a whole new look to my kitchen! This experience got me thinking: Where else in our lives do we stare at something day after day, accepting it as part of our environment, without thinking to look more carefully? Where do we blindly accept messes and errors that could easily be peeled back to reveal something shiny underneath? Deep Clean Your Resume One place a lot of people have become blind to errors is on their resumes- one area where it is most important to be squeaky clean. Below are seven common spots to look for possible cleaning opportunities: Address, phone and email. Although it’s unlikely you have misspellings in any of these key areas, perhaps you changed a phone number or email address and forgot to change it on your resume? Make sure your address, phone and email are not just correct but also up to date! If you are in a technology field, use a gmail address or paid account and stay away from hotmail and yahoo. Section headings. Have you checked the spelling of the word Achievements (I have seen senior executives’ resumes where the heading is spelled Acheivements)? How about Experience and Activities? Are there any extra letters floating around? Did you correctly spell Extracurricular (I have seen Extracaricular). Not only could errors like these turn off a hiring manager who notices them, but they could prevent an ATS system from recognizing an entire section of your resume. Job titles. One of the most commonly misspelled words on resumes is â€Å"Manager† (often spelled â€Å"Manger†). Check your job titles to make sure they are spelled correctly! Verbs. â€Å"Led† is the past tense of â€Å"Lead† (many people mistakenly write â€Å"Lead†). Also, are you repeating your verbs over and over in various bullets? See what you can do to vary your verbs! Your resume will truly start to shine. And finally, make sure your past jobs use past tense verbs! Often when someone converts a present job to a past job, some of those verbs remain in the present tense. This applies to ALL verbs in the section, not just the ones that start each bullet. For more tips on varying your verbs, view my webinar, Top 10 Ways to Make Resume Writing FUN! Format. Do all your bullets and dates line up with each other? Do you use the same font and font size throughout your resume (unless you have an artistic, consistent reason for using two different fonts)? Is your spacing even? Are your headers all formatted the same way? If not, you have some cleaning up to do! Dates. Line up all your dates format-wise and use consistent formatting (don’t write 1/06 to 2/05 in one spot and 3/2008-4/2011 in another; don’t write December 2004 in one spot and Dec. 2006 in another). Check that all dates are accurate, with proper months and years, listed in reverse chronological order. Also see tip #4 on using past tense verbs consistently in your past jobs. Document Properties and Tracked Changes. If someone else assisted you with your resume, there might be tracked changes and document properties still lurking. To clean up tracked changes, accept all changes and delete all comments. Want more detailed instructions? Check out my article, How to Avoid Embarrassing Editing Marks on Your Documents! To delete document properties such as Author, go to the File tab, click on Check for Issues and then Inspect document. Follow the prompts and your document will be cleaned of whatever information you choose. If you’re applying for jobs or plan to do so in the future, you will benefit from â€Å"deep cleaning† your resume. Do you have additional ideas of steps you can take? Surprise errors found? Please share below, and scrub your resume so that, like the Whirlpool logo on my stove, your accomplishments can shine the way they were intended!

Current Applications And Development Of Catalyst For The Synthesis Of Essay

Current Applications And Development Of Catalyst For The Synthesis Of Highly Functional Organic Carbonates - Essay Example An exhaustive review on the catalytic production of organic carbonates is lacking. The conventional procedure for synthesis of organic carbonates earlier involved toxic halogen compounds or phosgene, and later on moved to non toxic compounds such as carbon dioxide, alcohols, and epoxides. Recent catalysts include palladium, salen ligands, DBU, transition metal halides such as NiCl2, Lewis bases like Re(CO)5Br, NHC-CO2 adducts, tin, and Cu-exchanged zeolite Y catalyst. Introduction Organic carbonates are organic compounds obtained by carbonic acid and hydroxyl compound diesterification (1). The carbonates are produced in the form of diaryl, dialkyl or substituted dialkyl dialyl products depending on the type of hydroxyl compound used in the diesterification reaction. Organic carbonates have a wide variety of industrial, medical and biological applications (2). More specifically, they are used as intermediates, solvents and protective groups during the synthesis of lubricants, pharmace uticals, herbicides, pesticides, plastics, etc. (3). Of the different kinds of organic carbonates, dimethyl carbonate is the simplest one, produced industrially from methanol through catalytic oxycarbonylation (1). A review of the literature on the catalytic production of organic carbonates reveals that comprehensive reports on the development of catalysts in the synthesis of organic carbonates is lacking. While earlier, organic carbonate synthesis with the help of catalysts required halogen compounds or phosgene, research on the synthesis of organic compounds later on was more inclined towards substituting halogens with other non toxic compounds. In recent years, research has focused on synthesizing organic carbonates from carbon dioxide, alcohols, and epoxides. Organic carbonate synthesis has thus seen a new dawn, wherein more emphasis was on green chemistry and use of reagents that are least toxic to the environment and to living organisms. The present paper aims at understanding how the use of catalysts in synthesizing organic carbonates progressed over the years. For this purpose, research reports on organic carbonate synthesis will be analyzed and discussed. The types of catalysts employed in organic carbonate synthesis will also be reviewed. The aim is to study the development of catalysts for organic carbonate synthesis, especially in the recent years. Theoretical Background Organic carbonates are formed by the diesterification of hydroxyl compounds with carbonic acid. Carbonic acid does not exist in free state. Its monoester is called hemicarbonic acid and it is formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with alcohol. It can only be isolated in the form of salts and simple/mixed anhydrides with carboxylic acids because of its unstability. Through the esterification of hemicarbonic acid with hydroxy compounds, organic carbonates can be synthesized. These are classified into two main groups, saturated and unsaturated organic carbonates. Unsaturated carbon ates include symmetrical (e.g. diallyl carbonate) and unsymmetrical (e.g. allyl methyl carbonate) organic carbonates. Saturated organic carbonates are further divided into several other categories that include aliphatic, aliphatic aromatic and aromatic. Further classification of organic carbonates is given in figure 1. Dimethyl carbonate is the simplest organic carbonate. Figure 1: Classification of Carbonates (1) Shaikh and Sivaram provided a comprehensive review of the various processes of organic carbonate synthesis. Since then, many more developments have taken place in the field. Before discussing the latest developments in organic carbon