Sex Offender Laws and Wrongful Convictions Essay -- Argumentative Ess

Sex Offender Laws and Wrongful ConvictionsThe laws for sexuality offenders should be changed for many reasons. This is a very controversial subject, and tempers flare easily and a good deal for good reason. Due to the plethora of opinions on this subject it is rough to determine what is right and what is wrong.The very same government sending teenagers to school together as a group and teaching them about safe sex is the same government that is bringing charges against them for practicing sex. Not only that but they are labeling them as sex offenders for the rest of their lives. How confusing this must be to the young people of America today. So many young people are finding this out the hard way by being accused of a sex offense for being with a person of their own age group, their peers. Consensual sex by teenagers experimenting is an activity that is labeled by most states as sexual assault, statutory rape and/or child sexual abuse. This felony crime, in most states, is al so accompany by registering as a sex offender for the rest of a persons life if convicted.Growing up in the 60s, it was ballpark and acceptable for a sixteen year old to date a nineteen or twenty year old. It is a good thing these laws were non in effect then, because most of the young people being accused today would have never been born. Their parents would either still be in fling or unable to afford to have children due to the fact that a registered sex offender cannot find decent paying employment. No one bequeath hire a person labeled a sex offender no matter what the situation, clearly a violation of human rights. (Laurie Peterson July 27th 2007) federal legislation expanded the release of criminal records reports under the fair credit reporting... ... and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. Detroit Green haven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale argue Viewpoints In Context. Age of Consent Laws essential Be Reviewed and Revised. Age of Consent. Ed. Olivia Ferguson and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. Detroit Green haven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Cayenne B. Jessicas Law. U. N. I. O. N. - HOME PAGE. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. .Sex Offenses American Law Yearbook 2007) Detroit Gale 2008 180-181 Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context Web 1 Dec. 2010.Document URLhttp//ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPageShred Your Sex Offender Map - Forbes.com. Forbes.com - Business News, Financial News, Stock securities industry Analysis, Technology & Global Headline News. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. .

Religious Hypocrisy in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn Religious untruth Every so often a piece of literature is written that can question the beliefs of millions of masses with what they hold to be true. Nothing is held to be truer than the feeling of righteousness, being faithful, morally pure, and the idea of an exalted higher purpose- morality. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn questions this truth. Indirectly, Mark Twain argues and criticizes the great deal of ghostlike hypocrisy the American culture faces. Through the masterful use of satire and anecdote, the author conveys his repulsion to the dishonest church goers and spectral practices, often cloaked goat a veil of humor. Mark Twain uses mountains of satirical imagery to help carry his theme. I took up, and held it in my hand. I was trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. As a runaway boy, Huck Finn has the painstaking choice of doing the right thing to write a letter to the owner of a runaway slave and itemise where the slave was, or go to hell if he helps the slave Jim, his friend. Morally, Huck is taught to give Jim in, but he sacrifices himself to take up wickedness again and fall away Jim out of slavery. Defying his religious teachings, ironically, Huck does the most Christ like thing. Mark Twain creatively puts in incidents that the reader can infer to represent religion and the church followers who refuse to learn the teachings. Another time, when Huck talks to a skiff with two men in it with guns looking for runaway slaves, he lies to shut off them from searching his raft and finding Jim. He enounces them that his pap got variola major virus, and he needed their help to move the raft. The guys who were so concerned to rave through the raft atomic number 18 making excuses not to. Now were trying to do you a kindness so you just put twenty miles between us. The men dont want the variola major virus so they feel sorry for Huck and they give him a twenty-dollar gold piece each. The men symbolize the church followers who solve any conundrum they have by giving money to the church and believing that they solved the problem but in reality only ran away from it.Religious Hypocrisy in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Huckleberry Finn Religious Hypocrisy Every so often a piece of literature is written that can question the beliefs of millions of passel with what they hold to be true. Nothing is held to be truer than the feeling of righteousness, being faithful, morally pure, and the idea of an exalted higher purpose- religion. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn questions this truth. Indirectly, Mark Twain argues and criticizes the great deal of religious hypocrisy the American culture faces. Through the masterful use of satire and anecdote, the author conveys his repulsion to the dishonest church goers and religious practices, often cloaked canful a veil of humor. Mark Twain uses mountains of satirical imagery to help carry his theme. I took up, and held it in my hand. I was trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. As a runaway boy, Huck Finn has the painstaking choice of doing the right thing to write a letter to the owner of a runaway slave and tell where the slave was, or go to hell if he helps the slave Jim, his friend. Morally, Huck is taught to give Jim in, but he sacrifices himself to take up wickedness again and appropriate Jim out of slavery. Defying his religious teachings, ironically, Huck does the most Christ like thing. Mark Twain creatively puts in incidents that the reader can infer to represent religion and the church followers who refuse to learn the teachings. Another time, when Huck talks to a skiff with two men in it with guns looking for runaway slaves, he lies to end up them from searching his raft and finding Jim. He tells them that his pap got smallpox, and he needed their help to move the raft. The guys who were so concerned to rave through the raft are making excuses not to. Now were trying to do you a kindness so you just put twenty miles between us. The men dont want the smallpox so they feel sorry for Huck and they give him a twenty-dollar gold piece each. The men symbolize the church followers who solve any problem they have by giving money to the church and believing that they solved the problem but in reality only ran away from it.

The Influence of Mass Media on the Way Political Campaigns are Run Essa

The Influence of Mass Media on the Way Political Campaigns are RunOn the Monday when the United States Supreme Court issued its persuasion on whether the deadline for certifying votes could be extended in Florida, there was an unsettling sight on TV. news correspondents came flying out of the court and stood, out of breath, before the cameras. Without having read the six-page ruling, reporters began to bawl out to millions of pack about what the court had done. Some reporters got it flat wrong, saying the high courts ruling was in favor of George W. Bush and a defeat for Al Gore. News wire services and several Web sites also incorrectly summarized the courts action. It was only later that the news media corrected itself by reporting that the court had simply send the case back to the Florida Supreme Court and requested some clarification. Walter Cronkite, the living legend of TV news, has criticized his profession for having too much of an emphasis on acquire the news out fast. And the Society of Professional Journalists has criticized the media in the aftermath of these events for failing to act independently in their reporting on the election...so what is the real role of the media in political campaigns? Does it report or influence?INTRODUCTION One of the most important aspects of political elections is its media presentation. This is especially enhanced in the United States where the majority of the people are media thirsty. The important factor that plays on the electoral process is the ability to promote and set the agenda for the aspect. This comes from the outcome they want from their campaigns. Most candidates believe that their indemnity to promote their agenda at the beginning of the year is never effective because people eventually get tired of watching their faces and their biographies on the media channels and otherwise mass media distribution. Hence, it acts negatively on the psychology of the people. Therefore it is imperative that media must be used in a very contingent manner. Secondly, the image of the candidate presented in mass media is paid therefore they need to be effective. Candidates depend on the office of the campaigner to do this. The media for example gives the power to the candidate to constitute policy views in a realistic manner that is meant to attract the attention of the viewer. The imagery, the impression and the psycho... ... influence people to believe that the candidates are true to their campaigning. Even if they were losing against the chief(prenominal) opponent, they are still willing to fight till the last moment because what they believe is concrete. This creates a ripple effect on the voters, thereby compelling them to recognize decisions for the candidate. Those who drop out earlier on do not get the benefit of last minute decision-makers. References1.John Nichols, STAVE OFF THE PREDICTED LOW choose TODAY. , Capital Times (Madison, WI), 02-16-1999, pp 8A.2.Lawrence, David. Americ a The Politics of Diversity. United States Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999.3.Masterson, Karen. Campaign 2000 Businesses Feel Strains of Political Shakedown. The Houston Chronicles. October 19, 2000, Star Edition.4.The Case Program, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 19965.TOM FITZGERALD, halo WARS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. , The Record (Bergen County, NJ), 02-16-1996, pp a14.6.BERTIL HANSON, Fixing Campaign Spending. Vol. 15, The World & I, 03-01-2000, pp 32.7.Julia Kindl, Agenda-Setting Function, Last modified 3/15/00 http//oak.cats.ohiou.edu

Milton’s Paradise Lost :: Paradise Lost

Miltons Paradise Lost Critics of the Romantic Period have claimed that John Milton was unconsciously allied with the forces of evil. In Paradise Lost Miltons accounts of Devils & Hell are much more elaborate and awe inspiring than those of Angels & God. Hell and daemon are portrayed extensively whereas the reader is given brief and inconclusive glimpses of Heaven. The apparent dichotomy is explained by William Blake The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & Gods, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a square(a) Poet and of the Devils Party without knowing it.Miltons adherence to orthodox views resulted in an uninspired portrait of Heaven. Hell, in contrast, was greatly developed the vivid tomography of the volcanic and desolate terrain gave Hell a genuine ambience. Milton described Hell as a lake of fire (280) and commented on the Floods and Whirlwinds of tempestuous fire (77). He indicated that immorality is given off instead of light No light, but rather darkness visible (63). The devils, especially Satan, were characterized in more detail than the angels or God. The premier two books of Paradise Lost featured the fallen angels debate regarding their future plans. As a true Poet Milton sought to appeal to the emotions of his readers. The natural human end towards evil inspired Miltons powerful description of Hell as opposed to his unimaginative view of Heaven.Milton held strongly antipathetic views with regard to tyrannical authorities. He created numerous pamphlets to protest the regime of unjust rulers such as King Charles I. Blake suggested that Miltons opposition to tyranny was also applicable to the authority of God. Both Satan and Milton expressed similar rebellious sentiments. In Paradise Lost, Satan speaks of Gods unjust rule, which parallels Miltons philosophy regarding tyrannical princes and kings of his day. For example, Satan says to his followers that every is not lost the unconquerable Will / And study of revenge, immortal hate / And courage never to submit or yield (106-108).

Increasing Animal Adoptions at Shelters Essays -- increase dog adoptio

It was a hard day for me. My dog of al well-nigh 7 years had to be put down, and it was the first pet I had ever lost. My dad wasnt too keen on me getting a raw puppy. We started looking at other dogs and my dad found one that he thought we should get. My parents decided to take me on a surprise trip to the animal shelter to get a better look at the dogs that we wanted to adopt. As we entered the dog room, barks started to echo around us and excited dogs jumped up on their kennels to make sure we saw them. As we got to Macks cage, I think his puppy face must have melted my dads heart because he agreed to adopt him and take him home. Today, years later, I still believe adopting Mack was one of the best decisions I could have made. finished adopting Mack, I was inspired to volunteer at the animal shelter as soon as I was old enough. One day I went up just to look at animals and I realized that there were many dogs that had been in the shelter for a long time. No one was interested in adopting them because they werent a popular breed, or they were not the right color. From that day forward, I decided that I was going to find a way for those dogs to be adopted, so they had the chance to be as happy as Mack is, in a home and out of a shelter. By finding a way to positively promote breeds prone to indifference, unwanted color, and through establishing positive behaviors and character, animal shelters will be able to ontogenesis canine adoption. One of the most significantly impacting characteristics on adoption success is breed preference. Because some breeds are talked up more than others, for example, beagles compared to pitbulls, people would be more likely to lean towards a beagle if they had to choose between those two breeds for... ...olor and breed are not able to be changed, but by changing the behaviors of a dog, a shelter could increase the dogs appeal no matter the breed and color. Works CitedWoodward, Lucinda, Jennifer Milliken, and Sonya Humy. Giv e A Dog A Bad Name And Hang Him Evaluating Big, Black Dog Syndrome. hostelry & Animals 20.3 (2012) 236-253. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2014.Siettou, Christina, Iain Fraser, and Rob Fraser. Kent University. 2012. PowerPoint. secure.fera.defra.gov.ukWeb. 14 Mar 2014. .DeLeeuw, Jamie L. Animal Shelter Dogs Factors Predicting Adoption Versus Euthanasia. (2010) n. page. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. .. N.p.. Web. 14 Mar 2014. .

For Your World :: essays research papers

For Your WorldA base consists of many small parts. When these parts are put unneurotic they create a piece of literature that conveys a message. This message can be about almost anything. Literature can tell a story about happiness or an experience of love. It all depends on what pieces and how they are hind endd together which makes a story. Anton Chekhov has written a wonderfully pieced together get around story titled Misery. The elements which allow me to understand Misery are narrator point of view, cropting, character, and theme.Setting is the only other device, besides the title, which can set a mood for the story before any characters are introduced. When you place any character in a setting, that setting reflects onto the character. Iona Potapov, the sledge driver, is all albumen like a ghost His little mare is white and motionless tooShe is probably lost in thought. Anyone who has been torn away from the plough, from the familiar patriarchal landscapes and cast into this slough, full of monstrous lights, of sodding(a) uproar and hurrying people (69) this quote allows for the reader to build a picture of the scenery. No one would exigency to have to sit on a sledge for many hours and be covered in snow waiting for someone to infer by. The words apply to describe Ionas setting are very carefully picked to create this powerful imagery at the beginning of the story. The city is described as a slough. Slough is defined as a state of deep despair or moral degradation. With this deep pit of despair called a town, monstrous lights and unceasing uproar continue all round these two characters. With this as the opening paragraph the story has already started an emotion or feeling inside the readers mind. How a story is told can alter the meaning of the story. Finding the right combination of who tells the story if very difficult. When the right order of voices are found it makes the story come alive. It allows for the imagery of the persons actions an d the characters thoughts to be read at the same time. Misery has found this great combination.Narrators are used show or place a given mood in the story. It is a long time since Iona has budged. They came out of the yard before dinner-time and not a single fare yet. (69) At the start of the story the narrator has started the emotion of sympathy for the main character.

For Your World :: essays research papers

For Your WorldA story consists of many small part. When these parts argon put together they create a piece of literature that conveys a message. This message wad be about almost anything. Literature can tell a story about happiness or an experience of love. It all depends on what pieces and how they are placed together which makes a story. Anton Chekhov has written a wonderfully pieced together short story titled Misery. The elements which allow me to understand Misery are narrator point of view, background signal, character, and theme.Setting is the only early(a) device, besides the title, which can set a mood for the story before any characters are introduced. When you place any character in a setting, that setting reflects onto the character. Iona Potapov, the sledge driver, is all white like a ghost His little mare is white and motionless tooShe is probably lost in thought. Anyone who has been torn away from the plough, from the familiar gray landscapes and cast into this sl ough, full of monstrous lights, of unceasing uproar and hurrying people (69) this quote allows for the reader to build a assure of the scenery. No one would want to have to sit on a sledge for many hours and be covered in snow waiting for psyche to come by. The words utilize to describe Ionas setting are very carefully picked to create this powerful imagery at the beginning of the story. The urban center is described as a slough. Slough is defined as a state of deep despair or moral degradation. With this deep pit of despair called a town, monstrous lights and unceasing uproar continue all round these two characters. With this as the opening paragraph the story has already started an emotion or feeling inside the readers mind. How a story is told can alter the meaning of the story. Finding the right combination of who tells the story if very difficult. When the right order of voices are found it makes the story come alive. It allows for the imagery of the persons actions and th e characters thoughts to be read at the same time. Misery has found this great combination.Narrators are used show or place a given mood in the story. It is a long time since Iona has budged. They came out of the yard before dinner-time and not a single fare yet. (69) At the start of the story the narrator has started the emotion of sympathy for the main character.

Apollo 13 Notes Essay

In the move Apollo 13 the stages of group development can be seen in the relationships with the Astronauts Lovell, Haise, Mattingly and Swigert. When we first see the Astronauts they are a well-oiled machine. They know each differents movements and they can predict what matchless another is going to do next. The Astronauts are confident in each other which make them more confident in the success of their mission.Then Mattingly is removed from the mission just two days before take-off and replaced with Swigert, instantly the whole groups ever-changing changes. Lovell and Haise do not trust Swigert and they are uncertain of his abilities. We can see how this uncertainty affects them as a team. In one scene when they are practicing in the simulator we can see how Lovell and Haise do not trust Swigert, how they feel he is a Hot shot and this ultimately leads to Swigert trying to prove himself and ends up cleanup position them in the simulator. We see this strain again when they are a board Apollo 13 when Swigert is told by Mission concur to stir the tanks and there is a malfunction. The first words out of Haises mouth directed toward Swigert are What did you do wrong? This malfunction had nothing to do with Swigerts experience. Because if Lovell or Haise were told to stir the tanks, no one would have questioned them.As the movie progresses we see Swigert is usually the odd man out when Lovell and Haise need to trust and depend on each other. The groups dynamic starts to prisonbreak the longer the men are aboard the ship in space. Swigert starts to become more of an asset instead of a liability when offering his expertise. When Mission Control finally figures out what is needed to do to get them okay to Earth, Swigert is trusted by Lovell and Haise to run the protocol and ultimately is given the controls by Lovell to finally pilot them home. By the end of the movie they are a solid team and trust each other.Swigerts interpersonal needs are to be fortunate in his mission and be accepted by his team. His individual goal is to get to space. The groups goal is to work together so they can make it back home alive.

Leadership, Power and Politics

participation, Management and leadinghipConflict is a natural outcome originating collectible to private and group interaction. It is a friction produced due to emotions and behaviors of populate working closely rubbing against severally other. When people from various backgrounds and beliefs work in concert, consciously or unconsciously they try to pass their own principles in work aspects creates competitiveness.However, contravention is not always destructive or regressive. When well managed and directed, it has great utility in substanti tout ensembley improving an geological formations functional and production aspects, along with helping individuals to evolve a joint philosophy of work and cooperation. However, poorly managed conflict bureau impairs the shapingal outcome, creating stress, introducing dissatisfaction and reducing efficiency.Characteristics of ConflictThe round the clock work schedules, trans-national nature of jobs, and strain in todays world have wor ked together to get ahead conflict an unavoid competent part in life of people. Work related stress, with pressures of deadline, critical levels of responsibility, problems of resource allocation and management, setting, defining and achieving challenging goals, and all the date trying to coordinate with different individuals give rise to perfect actors for conflict to emerge within organizations (Bergman and Volkema, 1989).But before any attempt to resolve conflict it is all important(p) to understand the signs of conflict that an organization generally faces. According to Baron (1990), a study of various organizational parameters indicated towards five characteristics of conflict . These be1. Conflict due to contrasting or opposing field of interests between or among individuals or groups.2. Recognition of these opposing interests by the interested parties3. Conflict centers on a perception by each side that its opposing party would injure its interests4. Conflict is not a s tage, rather a process and it results from the way individual and groups define their relations through the past interaction5. Actions and efforts by each party with the intention of negating others goals.Conflict management and attractership attractorship has a great role to play in conflict resolution. A leader with qualities with excellent communication, understanding and negotiation can be instrumental in bringing the positive outcome through the issues involved in the conflict. As the business and corporate management has realized, lead greatly helps to alleviate conflict situation due to its inspirational value. Leadership essentially closely encouraging people to pool themselves together towards achieving common goals and marks (Rosenbach and Taylor, 1998, 1.Leadership further em precedents individuals, helps them to rise above their position and position within the organization to associate themselves and their colleagues with specific works, duties and responsibilitie s and enables them to identify and set their own directions, work on commitment and mother challenges. (Day and Halpin, 2004, 3). Its not surprising whence that companies ar ready to invest hugely in leadership development program, as a guaranteed way to emerge ahead than their competitors.Within every hearty, institutional or organizational structure, a leader is always looked upon the mortal with abilities to broach reconciliation and resolution in situation of conflict. Leadership entails elements of power and authority that are critical to acquire influence. on that point are five power bases for a leader, as identified by French and Raven (1959). They are1. Legitimate power the power that comes by virtue of the position and command to control behavior.2. Coercive power It is the leaders control over persuasion and ability to take symbolic punitive actions in case of dissent3. Reward power It is the leaders control over granting rewards4. Expert power These are the specia lties that a leader attains due to knowledge and experience and that he is expected to possess and use in conflict resolution5. Referent power This is the power over over subordinate or group members to identify the leaderLeaders whitethorn opt for one, some or a combination or all of these power bases to attain conflict management and resolution by influencing the psychological and social dimension of conflict, trust, and authority (Johnson and Short, 1994Leadership (Power and Politics)Leadership is not a characteristic that exists in isolation. As it is defined, leadership implies establishing coordination, orientation, cooperation, and collaboration among the followers to accomplish designated objectives and goals. It is possible when leaders can exalt their followers with respect, admiration, discipline, confidence in the abilities of the leader fleck being helped to envision themselves as empowered individuals (Brown and Lord, 2004, 2).A good leader has the ability to take ov er even most complex, demanding and otherwise impossible condition by exhibiting face-to-face integrity, ethical and moral traits and values that other can relate to and aspire to imbibe in their own conduct (Laurie, 2000, 53). Here it is important to distinguish personal charisma from leadership, as personal charisma, being an person specific phenomena, can awe people hardly hardly give them nervous impulse to follow in the footsteps of the leader.Leadership is in addition means natural acquisition of power and potential to channelise its equation affect over the leaders and their followers. There inherent dangers associated with power, and for most of the people, the timeless adage-power corrupts suits justly.Power contains a temptation that is hard to resist and has potential to become the ultimate goal for a person rather the alsol that was designated in helping to achieve the goals. But a genuine leader understands this irony of power and at that placefore believes that power should be divided with others so that it can grow. The real power of leaders is their ability to inspire others with a sense of power and confidence (Champy and Nohria, 1999, 165).According to Reigels (1979) theory of development, the germane(predicate) categories to leadership practices and conflict management are1. Optimism-faith in goodness of humanity. It works on the principle of faith in inherent goodness of humanity with a sense that goals and objective are achievable.2. Interconnectedness-responsibility for the whole. The principle is extension of sense of responsibility to greater issues affecting the world that connects individual with the entire humanity.3. The contradictory nature of things. It teaches roughly recognizing and respecting that contradiction occurs in people, their experience and circumstances.4. Life is characterized by crises. Recognition that crises and conflicts are inbuilt of component of life and progress is achieved by incorporating them in the philosophy towards life.5. human relationship with others. It stresses on building associations and help in realizing that every one is important and deserves equal respect from others.6. The opposition. It teaches about taking opposition as contradiction, instead of view it in negative perspective.7. Acknowledging others contribution. It stresses on frank and appreciative acknowledgment of success and achievements of othersReferenceBaron, R. A. (1990). Conflict in organizations. In K. R. Murphy & F. E. Saal (Eds.), psychological science in organizations Integrating science and practice (pp. 197216). Hillsdale, NJ ErlbaumBergmann T. J., and Volkema R. J. ( 1989). Understanding and managing interpersonal conflict at work Its issues, interactive processes, and consequences. In M. A. Rahim (Ed.), Managing Conflict An inter-disciplinary approach (pp. 7-19). new-fangled-fashioned York PraegerBrown DJ and Lord, RG, 2004, Leadership Processes and Follower Self-Identity, Lawrence E rlbaum Mahwah, NJ.Champy J, Nohria N, 1999, The Arc of Ambition Defining the Leadership Journey, Perseus Books (Current Publisher Perseus PublishingCambridge, MA.Day DV and Halpin SM, 2004, Leader Development for Transforming Organizations Growing Leaders for Tomorrow, (edit) David V. Day, Stanley M. Halpin, Stephen J. Zaccaro, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.French, Jr., J.R.P., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases social power. In Dorwin Cartwright (edit.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-157). Ann Arbor, MI Researc Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, The University of MichiganJohnson, P.E and Short, P.M (1994). Exploring the Links among Teacher Empowerment, Leader Power and Conflict. Education. garishness 114. Issue 4. Page Number 581+.Laurie DL, 2000, The Real Work of Leaders A Report from the Front Lines of Management, Perseus Books (Current Publisher Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MARiegel KF. Foundations of Dialectical Psychology. New York Academic Pr ess, 1979.Rosenbach WE and Taylor RL, 1998, contemporaneous Issues in Leadership, (edit) William E. Rosenbach, Robert L. Taylor, Westview Press,Boulder, CO.Leadership, Power and PoliticsLeadership is the process of influencing others to act to accomplish specific objectives. Leaders are the key movers of an organization and they are able to inspire and motivate their members to work towards the attainment of goals. In the past, leadership have been thought of as a quality that only the elite managers possess, however reality is, each one of us possess and may develop our leadership skills.Being a leader is not an easy job, it takes creativity, innovativeness, discipline, passion and an open mind. It is said that leaders emerge in times of change and turmoil it is a fact that when the going gets tough, leaders are at that place to get things done.Opportunities for change however moldiness be sought out and seized by the leader. It is a necessary element in the exercise of leadershi p, for leadership is at its best when there is an opportunity to grow, insert and to improve. A leader can accomplish this by treating every job as an adventure, by deciding that each day is an opportunity to learn something new or to discover break down ways of accomplishing things, the leader is more able to initiate changes that would be for the greater good of the group.When a leader seeks meaningful challenges, it allows the leader to work with passion and commitment that is personally gratifying and hence is able to effectively work for the group. With that, the leader also find and create meaningful challenges for others, when members heart that they are valued and trusted by their leaders to be able to accomplish realistic and challenging goals, they become more committed and become better workers. This means that the leader provides his/her members too become intrinsically motivated to rise to the challenge.As a leader, it is important that he/she make the workplace fun, happy people are more productive and they like going to work everyday because it is a happy place. as such, when an organization is so used to doing things in the aforementioned(prenominal) way, it leads to complacency and even deterioration, thus a leader must be able to question the status quo, this would mean that as a leader he/she must actively look for systems or programs that have outlived its usefulness and be creative enough to provide new ideas.Renewing teams in any organization is necessary in order to breathe new life to the team, a shuffling of departments or the movement of positions would reenergize the team and possibly generate new ideas and opportunities. Lastly, the leader should adopt an open approach to searching for opportunities. It is an acceptance of the leader that he/she does not have the monopoly of ideas and it is necessary to be aware of what is happening outside and inner the organization.Being an effective leader also takes the ability to experimen t and takes risks and to learn from mistakes. Leaders if for some twist of fate have always been thought of as someone who can transform any organization form the brink of death to greater heights. But in reality, it is the scientific and objective leader who is able to appreciate the importance of carrying out mini experiments of new processes that would in the end be more cost-effective than to rush and implement a program or process that have not been tested.Experiments are for introducing new products while creating or developing models in specific departments of new processes will give the leader an objective assessment of the possibility of success or failure of the new process. The leader is not the sole experimenter, he/she must encourage other to experiment also, but at times it is faced with fear and apprehension, thus the leader should assure the members that it is safe to experiment. When a person is so set in his/her ways therefore it is difficult to initiate change, t he leader therefore must be able to break the mind set of its people, to become more open to new ideas and change.An fantastic change may be anxiety provoking for members, the leader thus should break up the changes into small challenges that members can accomplish one at a time. People work better if they know that their ideas and feelings are respected and that if what they are doing is of their own choice, a leader should give each person the opportunity to make their own choices. A leader must learn how to say yes to the ideas and opinions of its members, by saying yes more frequently than but or no, it would be easier for the leader to also solicit the cooperation of its people. A leader is not a Greek hero who has supernatural powers, he/she can make mistakes and a true leader has the ornament and humility to accept his/her mistakes and to learn from it.Lastly, a leader should also be able to evaluate the effectiveness of the new programs or changes that he/she has carried o ut in the company and this exercise should be a collaborative effort with input from the different members of the organization. Knowing what may cause the failure of an innovation would go a long way in improving that product or process.It is true that leaders emerge out of the difficulties or major changes in an organization, and being a leader is no easy job, and one can always make use of information that would help enhance or develop our leadership skills. I found this as the advantage of the concepts, it provides true-to-life examples of how a leader is able to seize opportunities for change and why it is important to experiment and learn from mistakes.The disadvantages of the concepts however is that it is too abstract and sometimes it is difficult to relate to a job as mundane as selling cigarettes and that most of the examples involve large organizations wherein leaders are often the head of the department or the organization. Although the chapters do provide pointers on wha t an ordinary person could do to become a leader and it is a pragmatical guide. The chapters present the concept as a series of things to do or things to learn, and not all could be applied at the same time to a single organization. In my experience as a cigarette store owner, I am limited by the products that sell the most I may provide my customers with new brands or novel cigarettes but since smokers tend to stick to one brand.I may be able to innovate probably in giving freebies to loyal customers or be creative by using bonus coupons that they could exchange for premium brands. Moreover, I do not have a staff and hence my leadership skills are not harnessed. On the other hand I work part time in a natural gas station and work with other people but again a gasoline station is one of the most normal and stable organization there is. Thus, unless if the gasoline station gets sold or merged with another store, then maybe it would be time for me to rise to that challenge.On the ot her hand, learning about leadership has been exciting and very challenging, it tells me that I can be a leader someday it also made me become aware of some of my personal characteristics that is akin to leaders. I would like to share to others what I have learned about leadership, sometimes we do not know that we possess the ability to be leaders if other people dont acknowledge it, I would also tell them of the things that a good leader should be able to accomplish.That said, there are different leadership styles which a person may favor and use in different situations. Leadership styles include autocratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership charismatic leadership, participative leadership, Laissez-faire leadership, relations-oriented leadership, servant leadership, task-oriented leadership, transactional leadership and transformational leadership.Personally, I think that participative leadership is the best among the styles because although the leader has the final say in the deci sions concerning issues on organizational change it allows the members of the organization to contribute their ideas and thoughts. This communicate that the leader value and respects its members and thus increase job satisfaction of members and cultivates a culture of collaboration and cooperation that every organization needs to get things done.ReferenceKouzes, J. & Posner, B. (2002). The Leadership Challenge. California Jossey-Bass

Cda Binders

Competency Goal 1 To establish and maintain a safe, healthy, skill environment practicable Area 1 Safe One of my goals is to farm safety and reduce all injuries in a preschool setting all day and e real day. This is an grand goal for the come on group of electric razorren in my aid because children arent aware of all the various types of things there are that might harm them. So childproofing something I do to promote safety for the children in my center.Another vainglorious safety precaution I fol down(p) is the never turn my back on children policy because if I am aware of what the children are doing more than probably no one will get hurt. Another safety precaution I take is to remind children to use walking feet, nice hands, listening ears, and indoor(a) voices. These safety precautions will eliminate problems because if the children in a center listen and follow those simple rules things in the center will run smoothly. Separating different age groups will also help pre vent safety issues within a center.To secure the safety of the classroom it is locked from the inside . I am OSHA certified cardiopulmonary resuscitation and have Pediatric First Aid training to allow me to make good decisions in emergency situations. Our center practices safety drills regularly to familiarize the children with the routine. Functional Area 2 Healthy One of main goals in the functional area healthy is to prevent spread of germs in my child care center. This is an important goal for this age group children in my care because germs may cause serious illness. Hand washing is a practiced in our center.After playing in centers or eating, children and ply has to wash their hands. Staff follows a routine to clean and sanitize all the toys and surfaces in the center. Children in the center are fed nutritive snacks in order to keep them healthy and to keep the child from having too many sugars or fats in their diet. Another health precaution that is be employ in my center is using non-latex gloves to change diapers. Employees and babies could be allergic to latex and the gloves protect germs from employees hands from getting on child and keep germs from the child from getting on an employee.Gloves are a big health precaution in our center. In our center we have a nurse on staff to help if child isnt feeling well. This will help other children from getting whatever the other student has. I do know how to stop an accident injury report if there is an incident because I received communicable disease recognition training. I also am aware of reportage that may be necessary to child protective services, because I have child abuse prevention training. Functional Area 3 Learning EnvironmentOne of my goals in the learning environment is to provide the kids with opportunities to play and learn something all at the same epoch. This is important to me because I remember dreading coming to school when I was younger because I got bored. We can all agree that l ectures are boring so I want the kids in my center to have fun while learning. At the star table we have cassettes with fun stories for kids to read and follow along with to begin recognition of words.Play dough at the heart table from time to time to get their fine motor skills developed. At circle time we sing songs to learn patterns. Painting will help the teacher see what child is thinking. Also, modify can help you see what child is thinking and how they feel. The art centers are to let the mind come alive it also is a great learning experience for children in our center it helps the creativity of a child and helps them learn on their own how to make objects over time. The learning environment is a very important part of a center.I offer plenty of space for large muscle and group activities, as well as, provide semi-secluded spaces for children to have down time. The shelving is low and serves as barriers to prevent toddling babies from interacting with crawling babies. I try to make the room as inviting as possible by using visuals, texture, and music, to create a soothing atmosphere for learning. My daily routine offers reading, movement, observation, sensory stimulation, creativity, and play to help young ones develop.

Abortions

spontaneous abortion means the loss of a fetus before it is able to live outback(a) the womb of a mother. It is a relatively simple and proficient procedure when done by trained medical workers during the first three months of pregnancy. It is less safe when performed after the 13th week of pregnancy. Abortion as a way to end unplanned pregnancy especially those unwed mothers, victims of rape and to lateer cleaning fair sex who are not ready to be a motherWhen abortion occurs spontaneously, it is often called a miscarriage. It can be intentionally caused, or induced. Abortion can caused deaths of legion(predicate) women from infection and bleeding. It also can cause sterility, or the permanent inability to have a child..Former abortionist, McArthur Hill, M.D., says, I am a murderer. I have interpreted the lives of innocent babies and I have ripped them from their mothers wombs with a powerful vacuum machine. My heart got callous against the fact that I was a murderer, but tha t baby lying in a cold bowl educated me to what abortion really was, ( former abortionist, David Brewer, M.D)Body of the PaperAbortion is rampant nowadays, news from radios and televisions forecasting the recovery of fetus thrown anywhere. Mostly young unwed women get involved in premarital sex then when get pregnant will go on the process of abortion.There are types of Abortion createlyNon-surgical AbortionNon-surgical abortion is commonly called or known as abortion by pill. It is also referred to as medical abortion. It is a non-invasive procedure for terminating a pregnancy. The name of the abortion pill is Mifeprex, and it has also formerly been called mifepristone and RU-486.Surgical AbortionA first trimester surgical abortion, which is measured approximately up to 14 weeks from the first day of the last catamenial period, is completed by a procedure known as dilatation and evacuation. The procedure alone will take approximately 5 minutes, although the visit to the healthcar e facility clinic may take several hours.Emergency ContraceptionEmergency contraception, more commonly known as the morning after pill, is a contraceptive or birth engage method that can prevent pregnancy immediately after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, but before pregnancy begins.Before in the United States, the tyrannical court in their 1973 ruling give reforms of every woman to obtain abortion and through that law many abortions were performed heavyly in unskilled ways, that caused deaths of womans through bleeding and infections.The Supreme hook has been responsible for most of the nations laws dealing with abortion. Their interpretation of the U.S. Constitution is considered the supreme law of the land. laws dealing with abortion. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution grants citizens the right to privacy. This right incorporates the right of a woman to kill her baby through an abortion. The Fourteenth Amendment was in no way ratified in ord er to grant women the right to an abortion.The amendment was ratified in 1868 as part of the Reconstruction legislation following the Civil war ruling. The Court simply fashions and announces a new constitutional right for pregnant mothers and, with scarcely any reason or authority for its action, invents that right with sufficient middle to override most existing state abortion statutes. In other words, seven federal justices simply decided that they wanted to make abortion legal and then did it.That law was opposed by many people especially the Roman Catholic Church because they believed that taking of a human life is a grave sin and it is against one of Gods commandments (Thou Shall Not Kill).It resulted to many debates and rallies.Those who are in upgrade to the legal availability of abortion cite the right of a woman to control their reproduction and they also give judgment that it is also the right of a physicians to perform abortions without fears of criminal charges. Othe r arguments in favor of abortionInclude population control, the social problems caused by the unwanted children, and the dangers of illegal abortion. There have been many attempts since 1973 to reduce free access to abortions. Laws have been passed by some states and at the federal level toRequire counseling and/or a cooling-off period before an abortion is perform Require an underage woman to notify, or obtain permission, from a parent, guardian or court.ed Ban abortions after viability of the fetus unless required to preserve the womans life or health.Require an underage woman to notify, or obtain permission, from a parent, guardian or court. Ban abortions after viability of the fetus unless required to preserve the womans life or health. Ban all abortions. Ban a D&X abortion procedure, except when performed on a dead fetus or to save the life of the woman. In 1989 to 1992, the United States Supreme Court in 5-4 rulings upheld the provisions of a Missouri Law and a Pennsylvania la w restricting abortion. This provisions helps minimize the attempt of abortion nationwide.ConclusionTherefore I conclude that abortion is killing the life of an innocent fetus inside the womb of a mother. Abortion is done intentionally and unintentionally especially that woman who is not ready to become a mother. Several women now engaged in doing the abortion process especially those who are unwed mothers, students who engaged in drugs, rape victims, and those mothers who have more kids in the family and cant afford to sustain the needs of their children they are not conscious of the consequences in doing that act. Some will specify to danger that lead to infections and caused death of many of them. Churches protest the rampant killings of fetusBecause they believed that childrens are special gift from God and they have all the rights to live and make merry the beauty of the earth created by our creator. Abortion is an illegal act and it should be punishable by law.ReferencesFett ner Ann G. Abortions Retrieved November 14, 2006 from Comptons Encyclopedia, Volume 1 p.11-12What is Abortion? Retrieved November 14, 2006 from, http//mypeoplepc.com/members/bvpare/alternativestoabortion/id2.htmlMajor laws concerning abortion U.S. and Canada Retrieved from http//www.religioustolerance.org/abo_supr.htm

Why Is Tobacco Bad for You

Peter Yang Andrea Charanduk English 20 January 23, 2012 How tobacco colonyseffect you and mountain around you? A tobacco addiction is the worst addiction you can do to your personate. According to the Health Canada website, each 11 minutes, a Canadian dies from tobacco use. Every 10 minutes, two Canadian teenagers start grass cigarettes one of them will lose his/her life because of it yearly, more than a thousand Canadians who never even spated die from exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking affects every realm of your body even to your sexual organs, as stated in Health Canada website Sexual functioning needs the coordination of the nervous remains, hormones and the vascular system which pumps birth into the muscle tissue that keeps the erection Smoking hinders every area. The effect? Impotence. Now days teens start have because, they think its cool to look wish well an adult, or they get peer pressured. I agree that skunk does kind of look cool, only if whats hiding behi nd that smoke can knock down you, and everyone else around you. There is strong medical evidence that smoking tobacco is related to more than two dozen diseases and conditions (Smoking and Your body). Smokingaffects every part of your body even to your toes The effect of smoking is terrible for your health it is proven countless times by medical professionals and scientists. Smoking affects your lungs, cardiovascular system, and respiratory system the most (Smoking and Your Body). When you smoke a cigarette you are inhaling toxic chemicals and the most addictive drug. Nicotine. Nicotine is the drug responsible for making cigarettes so addictive. It makes your body crave more cigarettes and that means inhaling any those gross chemicals (Nicotine). I know a person who had a throat genus Cancer. He had to get a surgical operation to get his voice box removed to stop the spreading of cancer disease. Now, he cant talk. He needs this little device on his throat to help him talk, which I have sympathy towards it. He made a mistake a gigantic time ago, and now he is compensable the price for it. Look around you, do you smoke? Or a friend?Tell yourself to quit, help a friend out. You just got to try. Smoking is bad, but starting as a teenager is the worst mistake you can make. As stated on the website smoking-facts. net At least 3 trillion adolescents are smokers and roughly 6 million teens in the US today smoke despite the knowledge that it is addictive and leads to disease. This is very true and it is casualty right here, right now. I know several teenagers that smoke a pack a day. This will lead them to pre-mature death, lung cancer and various other diseases. Of the 3,000 teens that started smoking today, nearly 1,000 will eventually die as a result from smoking (Teen Smoking Facts). I dont expect stack to read this article and quit, I just want them to know that, smoking as a teenager can definitely harm the health of your body. thence maybe you would be smart enough to quit smoking. Second-hand smoke is what smokers exhale and what rises from an idle burning cigarette. You can see smoke in the air but what may not be so obvious is that there are 4,000 chemicals in the smoke (Second Hand Smoke).I have been in position where I was the second hand smoker. It is not the best place you would want to be when people are smoking around you. The smell of the smoke makes me frown, cough, and you just know that this cant be good for your body. Back in the days people could smoke any(prenominal)where In the eaterys, airplane, bar, and any public places. Now this was allowed because they had less knowledge of second hand smoking than we do now. There is a story where a woman died from a lung cancer when she was only 50.The worst part to the highest degree the story is that she never had a single cigarette in her life, she was a waitress at a restaurant and she would be second hand smoking from everybody who would come into restaurant and smo ke. How horrible is that? An innocent person is suffering from someone elses mistake. Do you think thats right? I am not going to lie, I have tried smoking, and its theworst thing I ever did. You can feel all the chemicals going through your body and affecting you internally.My personal opinion about smoking is that, it is totally fine if you want to smoke and hurt yourself, as long as you dont smoke around people who does not smoke. Maybe you didnt know that smoking affects not only you but people around you. I hope who ever reads this article figures out how it is effecting you and people around you and at least try quitting. In this article I talked about all most everything about why smoking is bad for you and second hand smokers. I hope this article awakened your urge to quit smoking for yourself and people you love.Smoking is bad, we all know that. Making a mistake is humane. We all make mistakes, but repeating that mistake with knowing the consequences is plain stupidity. we ll-nigh Tobacco Control. Health Canada, 2009. Web. 29 September 2009. Nicotine. Health Canada, 2008. Web. 24 January 2008. Second-hand Smoke. Health Canada, 2009. Web. 17 April 2009. Smoking and Your Body. Health Canada, 2011. Web. 01 November 2011. Teen Smoking Facts. Smoking-Facts. net, nd. Web. 23 January 2012.

Informative speech on sleep Essay

I. Attention Gainer Even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a good way to lose weight. The clear sleepers ended up eating far more than those who get nine hours of sleep. According to author Tara Parker-Pope of The New York Times published on defect 18, 2013. II. thematic Statement Most people dont think nigh the long term effects of not getting enough sleep you shoot to function properly. But if we all were to go to bed at a reasonable time, then not only will it improve your physical health it will also improve your mental health. III. Preview I am going to begin by talking ab out how much sleep do we motive according to our age? Then what goes on with our brains during sleep and lastly I will explain the implications of lack of sleep. BodyI. Main Point 1 (How much sleep do we deal according to our age) A. According to The National Sleep Foundation last updated March 22nd, 2014 Studies confirm that on average adults need at least 7 to 9 hou rs of sleep to complete all arranges of sleep. Also after further research newborns 1 month to 2 months superannuated need 14 to 18 hours, Infants 3 to 11 months old need 13 to 16 hours, toddlers and children need about 11 hours, and teens need 9 to 10 hours. These variations of sleep time is because of growth and repairs the brain and the body need. Neither can be obtained if youre always up. B. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website last updated January 13, 2014 states that 50-70 billion U.S Citizens gather in been recorded to have sleep want (or lack of sleep) caused by various reasons. Various reasons meaning that the lack of sleep could be anything from a medical problem to self-infliction of sleep deprivation. Internal Summary 1 Now that we are aware of the amount of sleep we need, lets now discuss about our brain activity during sleep.II. Main Point 2 (What goes on with our brains during sleep) A. According to The National Institute of Neurological disord ers and stroke last updated April 28th, 2014 During sleep, we usually pass finished five phases of sleep stages 1, 2, 3, 4, andREM (rapid eye movement) sleep. The article also states that 50 percent of our sleep is during stage 2, 20 percent in REM sleep, and the different 30 percent in the remaining stages. B. Stage 1 of sleep is also known as light sleep where we drift in and out of sleep. This stage is where we can be woken up the easiest. Stage 2 is where our brain activity and eye movement start to slow down and stop. Stage 3 brain waves start to begin with slow and fast movements. Stage 4 also known as deep sleep is the toughest stage to wake person up. It is the stage where there is no eye movement or muscle activity and if you were to awaken during this stage. The results would be the feeling of grogginess or disorientation. The last stage REM sleep aka Rapid Eye Movement is the dream stage of sleep. Where we fantasize about our life and day occurrences. Internal summary 2 We have discussed what goes on with our brains during sleep, lets finish with the implications lack of sleep has on our society.III. Main Point 3 (Implications)A. Sleep is a very important element in our everyday lives in fact according to The National Association of Science last updated April 14, 2014 Sleep deprivation can cause severe cases of disturbance and can also lead to insomnia. B. Without sleep our brains cannot not work to the best of its abilities. Scientists cant discover new things, students will continue to fall hypnoid in class, and people that work 9 to 5 jobs could and will go mentally insane. ConclusionsI. Summary Statements We are now familiar with the amount of sleep we need depending on ages, what our brain activity is like during sleep, and how sleep impacts us all as a society. II. Concluding Remarks Since I researched this topic very thoroughly I can now help people who refuse to sleep for decent hours realize what they are doing to themselves.WORK CITE DNational Sleep Foundation how does sleep deprivation affect us Web 27 June 2014 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sleep deprivation Web 27 June 2014 National Association of Science prohibit implications of sleep deprivation Web 27 June 2014 The New York Times Lost Sleep Can Lead toWeight Gain Tara Parker-Pope published on March 18, 2013. Web 27 June 2014. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web 27 June 2014

Keurigs Competitive Advantage

The question is Surges competitive favor? Be prepared to discuss your assessment, and provide demonstrative data to support your view With the Kerri brewing technology, GAMER has a unique product and changed the way Americans brew hot chocolate at home and in the office. GAMER maintained strategic relationships with coffee spots such as Caribou, Dunking Donuts, Folders, Newsmans Own Organics, and Cataracts to trace new consumers.Though patents have expired, GAMER depends on consumer loyalty and their ability to meet and exceed expectations. Kerri had a competitive advantage by delivering a product that mimics the coffeeho enforce experience because before this product, home brewing had been inferior. Kerri has speed and tranquility In producing high-quality cups of coffee, making it appealing to American consumers. The away from home strategy focused on offices and hotels.Growth dodging for Kerri New Brewer Technology (Cold Brewing) New Beverage Categories (tea, fruit beverage s) New Brands (Snapped, Taco, Celestial) New Channels K-Cup allowed consumers to use own coffee In machine, which reduced the trash created. GAMER formed new strategic relationships with brands such as Snapped, Taco, Celestial Competitive advantage In comparison to Engineers, which except has en brand to choose from and notwithstanding brews espresso The business model of Kerri combines retail Beverage Company with an appliance company.It offers a wide variety of brand and caters to different consumers differ needs. Usuries Competitive Advantage By Samaritan-Amended been inferior. Kerri has speed and ease in producing high-quality cups of coffee, K-Cup allowed consumers to use own coffee in machine, which reduced the trash Taco, Celestial Competitive advantage in comparison to Engineers, which only has

Judicial Activism and Empowerment of Indian Women Essay

Womens empowerment is a observe construct in social smorgasbord, which is much discussed, practically elusive and sometimes abused. Yet in the stage descendting of development, womens authoriseership and agency in social change have been levers for womens empowerment within communities. Women have sought to fight entrenched interests for community benefits, and have garnered through their collective bearing, a red-hot identity. Womens rights around the world be an important indicator to understand global well-being.Creating the environment which imparts come to status to women in family, purchase order and country is the sole motive behind conglomerate facets of programmes being firing for women empowerment. Pratiba Patel, President of India (Express newspaper apr.14, 2011)Though Women have a unique position in every golf-club whether developed, developing or underdeveloped, she windlessness belongs to a class or group of lodge which is in disfavor position on accou nt of several social barriers and impediments. This is particularly due to the various roles they play during various stages of their life, as a young lady, sister, married woman, and mother etc. However, she tries too hard to stand couple to that of the men. The historical mannequin of development of women very well portrays the empowerment of women, in different breaker points.Vedic geological periodDuring the Vedic period women enjoyed a fair amount of freedom and come toity. The Vedic period can be termed as fair(prenominal) glory. Women participated in all spheres like men. They studied in Gurukulas and enjoyed catchity in learning Vedas. In Aitereya Upanishad, the wife was called as companion of husband. In the Rig-Veda, the wife was blessed to live as a queen in the tin of her husband. The formulate Thampati, so often used in the Veda, characterizes both wife and husband.According to MacDonnell and Keith, this word signifies the high status of women in ancient Ind ia. Men and Women together performed religious duties and carried out other function. In the Mahabharata the wife was called the root of Dharma, prosperity and enjoyment. No man was allowed to perform religious duties without his wife. Thus, like the status of women in the contemporary western world, the status of women in India was based on autonomy, equality and co-operation.1Post Vedic periodIn post Vedic period the status of women suffered a setback when various restrictions were put on womens rights and privileges by Manu. This decline dates back to the period of the Manusmriti and the increasing authority of man. The birth of a daughter which was non a source of anxiety during the Vedic period became the source of disaster for the father. Education, which had been an accepted norm for women, was neglected and later on girlfriends were totally denied devil to schooling. Despite the overall social and cultural mastery of women, it is surprising to find that law givers re cognized the right to property, particularly that which was known as streedhana, womens property.2 gothic PeriodWith invasion of India by Alexander and the Huns, the position of women was further degraded. Their education and training came to a sudden halt. For reasons of security, effort outside was restricted which in turn denied opportunities in community affairs. Uneducated and devoid of either status, they came to be treated as chattels. Social evils like sati, fry marriage, and young-bearing(prenominal) infanticide arose. Women suffered great disabilities. The evil of comp singlent had become deeprooted and the system of Devadasi has already spread. The medieval period saw women living oppressed in the feudal social order and patriarchal families.3British periodThe attitude, behaviour and living imitate of Hindi society changed drastically during the British regime due to education and western impact on the socio-cultural life of India. During the period there were two major movements which affected the position of women. There were the Social elucidate Movement of the nineteenth century and the Nationalist Movement of the twentieth century. Both these movements brocaded the question of equal status of women. The issues which attracted the attention of the nineteenth century social reformers were sati, ill-treatment of widows, the ban on widow remarriage, polygamy, electric shaver marriage, denial of property rights and education to women. The Reformers thought that by giving women access to education and by enacting progress legislation social change could be initiated.Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, M.G. Ranade, Mahatma Phule, Lokhitwadi, Aurobindo and others from all parts of the country raised their voice against the unjust practices while revivalists like Dayamanda saraswati, swami Vivekananda and Annie Besant Believed in receiving the old Vedic society presumed to be exemplar for women.4 Mahatma Gandhiji too, vehemently criticized the custom of child marriage, prohibition of widow remarriage, temple prostitution and the custom of purdah.The nationalist movements non only draw a large number of women to political activity unless as well generated strength and confidence among women which helped them to organize and fight for their cause. The formation of the All India Womens Conference in 1927 was a life-and-death event in womens march towards equality. Many laws were enacted which tried to eradicate certain social evils. These include an prompt legalizing remarriage of widows, child marriage Restraint feign 1978, an Act recognizing Hindu womens right to property, etc. Besides the social legislation, there were other laws affecting womens earn status, much(prenominal) as bound hours of work in organized industries, prohibiting night work, restricting work in mines, foundation of crches for the children of the women workers etc.Thus in short, during the British rule, aw arness was created f or the removal of social malaises, while education and organizing political fellowship increased womens mobility.PRESENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIAThe most important event after emancipation has been the drafting of the Constitution of this country enshrining the principles of equality, liberty and social justice. The framers of the Constitution were aware of the problem of emancipation of the female energise. They realized that equality was important for the development of the nation. It was evident that in order to eliminate inequality and to offer up opportunities for the exercise of human right it was necessary to get on education and frugal interests of women. It became the objective of the distinguish to value women from exploitation and provide social justice.5 All these ideals were enshrined in the Preamble of the Constitution.The Preamble to the Constitution of India resolved to expert to all its citizens justicesocial, stinting and political liberty of thought, expr ession, belief, faith and worship, equality of status and luck and to promote among them fraternity assuring the dignity of an individual and the unity of the Nation. To attain these objectives, the Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights and freedom, such as freedom of speech and expression, nurseion of life and personal liberty. The principles of gender equality and protection of womens right have been the prime concerns right from the days of Independence. Accordingly, the countrys concern in safeguarding the rights and privileges of women base its best expression in the Constitution of India. denomination 14, confers the equality before the law or the equal protection of the law to every person. It not only prohibits inequality solely also makes various feed for the protection of women. And there is a prohibition of any discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, however, Art. 15(3) empower the state to make any special provision fo r women and children.6 And also equality of opportunity is guaranteed for all the citizens in matters relating to employment or opportunity to any office under the state, forbidding discrimination on the grounds only of inter alia sex.7Article 19(1) (a) deals with the exemption of speech and expression and Article 19(1) (g) provides for the Freedom to practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business. Article 21 ensures that No person shall be deprived of his life or personal a liberty except according to the procedure established by law. Women have a right to lead a dignified, honourable and peaceful life with liberty.DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICYArticle 39 mentions that the state shall direct its policy towards providing to men and women equally the right to means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work. The state is tell to make pabulum for ensuring just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.8And there is a fundamental duty imposed on every citizen to renounce the practices derogatory to the dignity of women.9In short, thorough Rights and Directive Principles provide the framework to achieve the ideals of the Preamble of the Constitution. Fundamental Duties too, recognize upholding the dignity of women as one of the duties. The perceptions on Fundamental Rights and the guidelines of Directive Principles of State Policy, is well reflected in various turn overive labour legislations such as Industrial Dispute Act, 1947 Minimum Wages Act, 1948 Factories Act, 1948 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961LEGISLATIVE MEASURESInspired by the constitutional safeguards, the State has enacted various legislative measures to provide protection to women against social discrimination, violence and atrocities and to prevent child marriages, dowry, rape and practice of sati, etc., the Equal remuneration Act of 1976 provides for equal pay to men and women for equal work. The Hindu Marriage Laws Amendment Act 1955 has been amended by th e Marriage Laws Amendment Act of 1976 to provide for the right of a girl to repudiate a child marriage before attaining maturity whether the marriage has been consummated or not.The Act 1956 for Suppression of Immoral Traffic against Women and girls was amended in 1986 to make the sexual exploitation of female, a knowable offence. It was renamed as The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1986. An amendment brought in 1984 to the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 made womens subjugation of cruelty a cognizable offence.A second amendment to the Act in 1986 makes the husband or in-laws punishable, if a woman commits suicide within 7years of her marriage and it has been proved that she has been subject to cruelty. The Child Marriage restraint Act of 1929 raises the age for marriage of a girl to 18 years from 15years and that of a boy to 21years. The Factories Act of 1948 provides for establishment of crche where 30 women are employed. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 legaliz ed abortion by subject professional on humanitarian or medical grounds. The enactment Indecent representation of women (prohibition) Act, 1987 has also been passed to protect the dignity of women and prevent violence against them as well as their exploitation.Some of the other measures which were taken for the progress of women were that in pursuant to a request by the United Nations General Assembly to prepare a report on the status of women in India (CSWI) was constituted in 1971. The terms of reference of the committee was to pick up the Constitutional, legal and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment and to asses the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest to a greater extent effective measures It was also to consider the development of education among women and circumscribe the factors responsible for the s low progress in some areas and suggest remedial measures and to survey the problem of running(a) women, including discrimination in employment and remuneration.TOWARDS EQUALITYIn order to examine the status of women, as house wives and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment, the committee was to compact survey or case studies on the implication of the population policies and family planning programmers on the status of women in addition to the above mentioned aspect. It was empowered to suggest any other measure which would enable women to play their dear and proper role in building up the nation.The committee submitted its report entitled Towards equivalence in December 1974. The report was a landmark in the social history of India heralding a conscious change in attitudes, behaviour, law, establishment of special institutions and creating both infrastructure and environment for equality for women. The Nationa l relegating for Women was set up as a statutory body on 31st January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, (1990) to review constitutional and legal safeguards for women and recommend amendments to meet lacunae, inadequacies in such laws, participate in economic development of women and evaluate the progress made. However, there are many areas of inequality where working women still undertake to overcome like More women are in lower skilled part time work Women are promoted less and earn less Women are not equally represented in administration as Men Women undertake significantly to a greater extent of household work and childrearing than men and are often depicted as weaker sexes and are sexualized.JUDICIAL RESPONSEOver the years, the general exoteric has come to ease absolute faith in the Judiciary. The Supreme Court of India has responded to issues of gender justice in a confirming trend. Some of the decisions given by the apex court in the recent past has sig nificantly advanced the cause and dignity of women. In Nigammar vs. Chikkaiah Case (2000)10 compulsory blood test to determine paternity was held to be violative of fundamental right of life or liberty. In Chandrimadas Case (2000)11, the Supreme Court has held that where a national Bangladeshi woman was gang raped, compensation can be granted under public law (Constitution) for violation of Fundamantal rights on the ground of Domestic Jurisprudence based on Constitutional provisions and Human Rights jurisprudence. In John Vallamatton V. Union of India (2003)12, the Supreme Court struck down section 118 of Indian Succession Act, 1925 restricting bequeathing of property for religious or charitable use except in the manner provided therein.It was that the right to equality of women vis--vis their male counterparts is accepted worldwide and it will be immoral and illegal to appropriate women on the ground of sex. In CEHAT V. Union of India (2001)13, the Supreme Court referred to the re percussions of unhindered female infanticide effecting overall sex ratio in various States. The Court issued directions to Central government, State government, Union Territories, and appropriate authorities for the carrying out of the enacted Act, further in CEHAT & Others. Petitioners V. Union of India & Others Respondents (2002)14, the apex court made the registration of the clinics with ultrasound machines mandatory and directed the State governments to take suitable action for creating awareness in public. In this way, judiciary has acknowledged the concept of Gender Equality.The formal equality given by the Constitution and the Law is however, not resembling of substantive equality which enables enjoyment of all rights on an equal basis. While formal equality has afforded women access to areas of Education, empowerment and even political participation, on terms that are often equal to those by men, it is in the so-called private sphere, in areas such as marriage and the fami ly that women continue to be denied equal rights. In the present situation, women are better educated and have entered all possible fields proving their might. They hold more jobs worldwide, yet most women continue to suffer from occupational segregation in workplace. There are soupy barriers, created by attitudinal and organizational prejudices, barring women from top executive jobs. Women, though more educated are not more equal.Gender equality is a multifaceted concept which implies equality of opportunity in economic as well as socio-political and legal aspects. Gender equality is not just morally right, it is diametrical to human progress and sustainable development. Economic opportunity does not mean their mere presence but includes the quality of womens economic involvement. In developed countries, women may gain employment with relative ease, but their employments are usually transitory and are paid less than men. Herald Sun, an Australian newspaper has also recently raise d issues relating to this. The question of gender equality is a very old and burning problem. twenty years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped, to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality rates are beginning to fall, and more women are participating in labour force than ever before. Now a days, women has broken their ill-social shackles and are ready to face the contemporary challenges without any help and hesitation and consequently, March 8, is formally observed and illustrious in several countries, including India as a mark of integrated achievements towards the equality of rights, status and dignity of women and their equal participation in economic, social and cultural development in contemporary world scenario.CONCLUSIONTo master down the menace of existing gender inequality many steps have been taken at the national as well as the international levels, but still a lot neces sarily to be done to stamp out the growing violation of womens dignity. Is there Gender Equality in Reality? I would say in the Gender Equation, women are evidently the victims. At this juncture, society needs to see women as dynamic promoters of social transformation, and have a powerful influence on their ability to control their environment and contribute to economic development. There should be a kind of convinced(p) prize for women. Only then, her rights can be well protected and nurtured.Physical violence is only the efflorescence of the ice berg, what we dont see below the surface is the lack of respect. Once we ensure that society in general and men in particular show a positive kind of respect to women, to their wives, the other rights are bound to follow in normal course. Though umpteen steps are taken in this direction like discouraging discrimination, lengthy legislations invoking equality but the picture is still disheartening and remains only in the talks. And the w ar on inequality, discrimination, violence and unempowerment is still continuing, making the thoroughfare to success a not-reachable one.

Devloping Property Investment Strategy

Abstract This research proposal investigates the varying methods of choice when investing in rule or in immediately dimension. Investment is the giving up of a roofital sum now in commute for the benefits to be received in the future, such as income f first gear and or dandy gains. The results show a choice of investing opport wholeies that groundwork be made by measuring risk and issuing and by balancing dissimilar types of plus classes. Using the variant coronation choices on hand(predicate) a schema intention tolerate then be developed tailoring to the needs of the client.There atomic number 18 four principal(prenominal) beas of research that should be considered by each angiotensin-converting enzyme-on-one when growth a airplane propeller enthronement strategy the investors objectives, how much the investor can afford to invest, the level of risk acceptable, and the rate of bribe desired. The motive save for in all investors is the same, to increase wea lth and secure their future. Contents Introduction3 enquiry questions3 Literature review4 Investment requirements/objectives4 Property as an Investment5Property enthronization outline9 Developing an Investment Strategy11 Research Design13 Significants13 Definitions13 Limitations14 References14 Introduction There are galore(postnominal) different types of investings some of which include extractions and shares, bonds and bills, quality, trustfulnesss, fellowships, debentures, insurance policies and superannuation. The type and size of these attribute investments appeal to different investors from the olive-sized respective(prenominal) properties to the airscrew trusts worth millions of dollars.Location can besides bout a role in subdividing the different categories even further such as an industrialist might limit their demand for factory space to a specific area, whereas the industrial property acquired by investment blood line for its portfolio whitethorn non worr y or so the country or region of which it purchase its property from. Investment in property can be cypher or indirect can be acquired by way of auction, by tender, by mystical treaty or by school over bid (Enver 2002).Australian investors bem economic consumption forever been involution in real e give in as it still re master(prenominal)s the main class of investment for individuals and investment funds, however many people are still under the impression that an summation of land impart rancider secure and lasting returns. In fact the acquisition of land mustiness require certain and justifiable decisions involving the comparison of a interchangeable assets including tenanted houses and units, syndicates, property trusts and funds. (Rowland 1997) The main area of study describes the planning needed for investment in property. Investment returns and yields are excuseed with risk level outlined in the current market.Explanations in methods of investing in property and a plan of developing an investment strategy. Comparisons to the stock market minutes are quick and easy, compared with property transactions where time and money is needed to collect knowledge on each property that is up for sale. Then an inspection and analysis of each property needs to fulfill place to ensure all the facts and figures are interpreted and packn into account and the optimal choice is made. Research questions Success can never be assured when acquiring an asset, as there are many risks involved such as the unpredictability of the future market, opinion and lookout mans.Given that property is whole one of the opportunities for investment on the market and that different investments appeal to different investors, the comparison of asset with asset is essential, alone the comparison of that asset against other forms of investment is overly just as grievous. To obtain the investment requirements and to explain property investment considerations through the meas ure of the amount of investment, return/yield, risk comparison To compare property as an investment choice it is analysed through risk, property classes and diversification. To analyse the property investments which are explained for the planning of investment strategy To develop the needs and constraints of an investment strategy Literature review Investment requirements/objectives Investment objectives must reflect the needs of the investor indirectly suggest the appropriate type and duration of property investments and are critical in the development of an investment strategy of any kind.Without them it would be im accomplishable to make a discerning decision on what type or class of property to invest, how to finance it, when the income is needed and an estimated keeping stay Rowland et al (1997) suggests that a person must determine their objectives by analysing their own personal spate, such as their income, spending habits and social needs, or by shared or individual goals. For private investors it involves income, age, family commitments and even reputation go out suggest how much they are willing to risk to obtain a higher return (Pyhrr et al 1989, p665).Because buying and selling direct real property assets involves high transfer, entry and exit cost and long selling periods it is consequently seen as an illiquid investment. Whereas an investment in property funds or units or shares also known as indirect property allow quick an easy trades along with slighter holding periods and evidence of rapid and high gains in less than two years. However direct property investment is still seen as a long-run investment strategy with lower risk involved. The one everyday objective is to find the asset that offers protection against the decline in purchasing power ca employ by legal injury inflation. authoritative Estate is commonly considered to be a good circumvent against both expected and unthought-of inflation in the long term. Properties for which the rent is closely linked to consumer prices are a lot required when the base motive is to preserve detonating device. Residential rents, commercial rents and those retial rents based on shop turnover including those rents reviewed one-yearly in line with the consumer price index are commonly thought to issue at least uncomplete protection against the effects of inflation (Rowland, 1997).The assets that are currently owned by the investor will also tactical maneuver a role in the determinants of the investment objectives and process. A diversified portfolio is commonly desired by investors and often requires different expertise to assist in the acquisitions, which lowers risk that can be increased when investing in unfamiliar and foreign assets types and classes. Investment considerations The amount for investment Consideration and analysis of a ingested group of possible investment opportunities cannot take place unless there is an estimate of how much the nvestor h as or is available to invest. Investors must have access to virtue, cash, borrowings or a confederacy of all to even begin considering investing. The funds available to an investor at last determine the purchase price. Return/yield The expected rate of return must match the investors objectives to determine the property class or type suitable. The measurement of return is calculated from known facts around the sale of a property and is used as a unit of comparison when analyze direct and indirect property.A suitable cash flow for the investment and the perceived risk should be viewed in conjunction with the rate of return, with a higher risk property requiring a higher rate of return. capitalisation rate is the most common unit of comparison between asset classes, and can indicate whether a property is overpriced or incorrectly valued in some way with market evidence. The cap rate can be calculated by dividing the net income by the price expressed as a decimal or initial yield on purchase. Investment riskRowland et al suggests that the shoot for of the investment and the current circumstances of the investor determined an attitude to the risk involved. An increase in the return would unremarkably compensate for any risks that are taken, but the trade-off between risk and return is dependant upon how unwilled or hesitant each investor is to risk. Variables involved in the prediction of future property income and value, such as rental income, running costs, vacancies, capital expenditure, charges in capital value and interest rates national and supranational stability, are critical and must be estimated to determine the property return.There are some secern considerations that an investor must look at when determining their investment risk level. Each investors objectives influence the selection of properties. majuscule rates (initial yields) unless lease terms are known are limited use in comparing properties. Property investment and financing is a question between debt and equity or a combination of both. Testing the impact of the return of below expected rental growth and unexpected rental vacancies could appraise the two major risks or property investment. Investors are prepared to take varying degrees of risk to levy return, depending on their objectives and circumstances (Rowland 1997) Property as an Investment Real Estate or property is the main asset class for property investment and contains very desirable characteristics, which are also very entrancing for the larger investors who are trying to equipoise their portfolios between risk and return A good hedge against inflation Good income and capital returns emit risk investment Diversification benefits from low co-variability with shares and bonds. Investing in property is however considerably different to the other principle investment options of shares and bonds because property is a sensual asset (Bird 1984), while shares and bonds are pecuniary assets. The main differences between a physical and a monetary asset relate to Flexibility Shares and bonds are readily and frequently traded in the market (i. e. stock exchange), whereas property is infrequently traded, has lengthy transaction times and has no central market place.Divisibility Portions of shares or bonds can be traded. Obviously part of a building cannot generally be traded, although subdivision by strata titling can be an option. Liquidity Shares and bonds can be viewed as short-term investments, where as property is seen as a medium-to-long term investment. The high costs associated with entry and exit to property significantly impact on liquidity. This makes traffic in shares or bonds for the small investors more than attractive (Newell 2000)Listed property trusts are more related to the financial assets of shares and bonds rather than the physical asset of composite property (Joslin 2005). Property as an investment choice Real estate is often acquired over other investment assets for its low risk movement, however this ignores many characteristics that mark off property from other investments such as shares and bonds (Rowland 1997). Property Direct Indirect Redeemable Unredeemable (Syndicates)mart Priced Appraisal Priced (Listed) (Unlisted) Direct property is the purest form of property investment (PIR 1998), but mostly known as where the owners name appears directly on the title papers. It ranges from the simplicity of a residential investment by a private individual, which is easily understood, to that of the sophisticated commercial property portfolios managed by institutions (Upton 1998). The level of economic exercise is directly linked to property, where the roperty market improves so does the value of the property. As property values continue to revolt the number of potential investors begins to fall because of the high costs of quality real estate. Even the institutional investors who use property to balance their risk within their asset portfolios are reducing direct property ikon to between only 10-15% of the value of the portfolio (PIR 1998). Indirect property investments are often defined as pooled investments and are covered by the Managed Investment Act 1998.This notion allows for the purchase of types and classes of properties that would not otherwise be available to the average investor. Listed trusts are usually unrestricted investment opportunities, crabbedly the large and more liquid trusts. The Australian Stock exchange is used by the investors to trade their units and the trusts managers use it to buy and sell properties into and out of the units. sequester price and the comparative risk for each individual property trust are what drives the prices of units on the stock exchange.This itself is governed by the property, the lease, the tenant, the manager, liquidity and tax allowances and the other factors not necessarily related to the property, which may cause unit prices to depart from t he net asset value (PIR, 1998). The majority of unlisted trusts on offer are surface ended. In 1991 the Government introduced changes governing unlisted trusts which has the effect of turning most into what is termed hybrid funds, wherein they offer a mix of direct property, property securities, and also cash reserves.This liquidity is necessary to pay out redemptions which are the units that can be redeemed against the trust after a year they are not traded on the stock exchange as are listed trusts. Trusts were able to overcome two of the main problems of direct property ownership Firstly costs transaction costs are much lower and are shrink up in the vehicle structure. All the unit-holders share these indirectly. Secondly liquidity, investors are able to trade their unit holdings for cash, which is beneficial to both small and large investors.However this aspect is one that often has property assets avocation more bid the all-ordinary index rather than a property asset (PIR 1 998) A property syndicate is an investment vehicle through which investors can have direct ownership of one or more properties legally (Upton 1998). The investment usually lasts between 5-12 years after which the investment properties are sold and the proceeds is returned to the investors. Syndicates have for a long time been a means by which smaller investors can picture the property market when they otherwise could not afford to do so (upton1998).Syndicates have not only provided this broader range of punter quality property for the general or retail market but institutional investors such as superannuation funds have used syndicates as a means of obtaining ruin diversification for the funds available for direct property al repair (Upton 1998) Risk and property investment Rowland et al (1997) suggests that there are a number of important or special investment considerations, which are strategically important to investors developing an interest in property. The most significant factors are Specific risk, each individual property is unique and will require a detailed appraisal of specific opportunity. -Costs of management and charges are upwards of 25% of gross income while specialised management is also required due to affirmatory tenant rights, compared to investment in other equities or bonds. These costs are high. -Market information is not as readily available, less reliable and is much more expensive than other index market information. -Financial considerations. A considerable degree of financial leverage is normally required, which comes under increasing pressure in economic and property cycles.This is why decisions made should be long term. -Quality premium property is often in short supply and any improvements made may become economically or functionally obsolete. Rowland states that in assessing long-term mental picture to property that we must look at key factors such as the tax position, the pair situation and risk profile, the liquidity req uired, the character of the liabilities Rowland (1997) writes. The return from any property cannot be judged properly without also assessing the risk that the investment may not meet the objectives of ownership.Investors are most unlikely to take on additional risks unless there is sufficient increase in the expected return. This point is the basis of all investment not only for property. The investor makes the choice between high risk and high return, or low risk and low return. These are again the principles of a balanced investment portfolio. Property classes and diversification closely investors would be well aware that an old saying dont put all your bollock in the one basket which is a practical investment strategy. All of the sensible institutional investors balance their asset portfoliosAs stated earlier, McMahon (1998), property only plays a small part of between 10 to 15% of total asset portfolio composition, which normally consists of property, shares and bonds. However , property trusts and property syndicates will principally be tranquil entirely of property, but contain many sub classes or property types which in turn play an important part in the diversification strategy. It must be remembered, property can be direct and indirect, interstate, intrastate or international. Property investment analysis This chart shows the relationship between each asset class and the level of risk and return that can be expected.High Potential Return Low Expected Risk High Cash Fixed interest Property Growth Alternative investments Assets Shares individualistic investors each have different and unique circumstances that need to be taken into considerations when making a decision between direct and indirect property investment. It is often argued, property investment is the trade off between risk and return.The investor can consequently have a very complicated or simple investment plan depending on their needs, however an investor seeking high returns should b e prepared to take high risks, while a more prudent investor would settle for a more modest return. As there is no central market place for property profession except for listed property trusts in the stock exchange it means the majority of property investors and not equipped to undertake a through or sustained investment analysis. This means there is very limited means of information regarding the explanation of trading including returns for the unlisted trusts.The individual investors objectives or requirements will often determine the class of property for investment, which is frequently balanced by their experience or existing property portfolio impacting on the risk return strategies. Direct property Most direct property analysis is based on a direct comparison basis. Investors choosing income-producing properties balance the overall return/yield on the net yearly income of the property and the annual capital growth of the asset. For example a property located in the country may sustain a greater annual return than one in the suburbs but its capital growth may be far-off less.As an investment strategy it may however amount to a substantiating investment, returning more than it costs to own. Direct comparison analysis requires a comparison of like with like therefore a property on a busy main road location is not comparable to a property with direct water frontage. Therefore the influences of Type, location and timing need to be considered with return or yield. Property information. Property information can be broken down in to three main categories, general overview, specific class/type and local information.General overview when an investor is first expression to invest in property they want a general overview about the whole industry, what is hot and whats not and where to find it. This information can be found on sites like ABS, The Property Council of Australia, The Australian Property Institute, Access Economics, The Real Estate Institute etc. These sites will provide overall information on trends, the present state of the market and future predicted trends, which will assist the investor in choosing a location and class of property for investment.Specific class/type large corporate real estate players like CB Richard Ellis, the real estate franchisers, PRD, researchers like Property Investment Research, Residex, RP data or investors AMP, Westfield, etc all are support by extensive research departments and are able to provide very specific property performance information. The difficulty in using their services is that most are commercial businesses and seek payments for the services provided. local Information once the location and the class of property is chosen then there is no better research than getting to that location.When you have acquired/ researched, the latest most comprehensive information, then the analysis process is undertaken, as we have demonstrated earlier. Indirect property Indirect property because i t trades as a financial asset provides a clear trial of transactional and corporate informational because of the rules associated to being listed on the stock exchange. The stock exchange also has some very strict code of conduct rules for companies or individuals as traders on the stock exchange, far more stringent than for regulated property traders/professionals.Each individual company or property trust listed on the stock exchange must meet reporting requirements, which allows advisers access to the most national deprivation concern and stock market trading information. It is for this reason that the stock market investing is volatile, analysts have intimate corporate information, coupled with cyclical and world events puts daily pressure on stock values. Stocks are trading daily effectively valuing assets and performance on a daily basis.A companys annual reports can be analysed using mostly ratio analysis, undertaken as a case of course before being recommended by investmen t house/advisors. Property trusts are also analysed and benchmarked forward to being recommended for investment. Because listed companies and property trusts operate in the economy, they are obviously affected by the overall state of the local and world economies. If both the local and world economies are doing well, then, other things being equal, you could expect listed companies and trusts to do well and stock prices increases.Developing an Investment Strategy The development of an investment strategy over a period of time allows the individual to assess what they can afford, their risk level and provides a clear outlook for the future. The main considerations would be how much you need to borrow and the level of gearing, the purchasing costs, ongoing costs and derogation schedules and other tax issues. Hargitay and Yu (1991) et al suggests that the investment usually means the acquisition of assets by the investor with the view to okay returns in the future.The capital commit ted to the acquisition of the assets and the expected returns are exposed to risk. Generally the greater the exposure to risk, the higher the return expected by the investor as a reward for bearing the risks involved. Most keen investors are risk- indecorous. That is they prefer less risk to more risk and more return to less return. The grammatical construction of an investment strategy or portfolio objective involves the listing and ranking of the principal needs the constraints for a item investor.A list of the particular needs and constraints may include the following take ups 1- Need for the protective covering or capital invested. 2- Need for the security and stability of income. 3- Need for the readily marketable investment, i. e. liquidity 4- Need for tax exemptions or reliefs 5- Need for external professional management. Constraints 1- Limit on the size of immediate capital investment 2- Limit on the size of future investment. These future capital commitments are either systematic or random. 3- Upper limit of risk bearing 4- Minimum acceptable rate of return precondition of investment 6- Statutory controls It is extremely important that the investor sees their particular position amongst the needs and constraints and is able to express their relation back importance. Only then will the investor be able to articulate their portfolio objectives clearly. Hargitay and Yu (1991) et al also suggest that redbrick Portfolio Theory (MPT) provides another more rational method to assemble a portfolio of risky securities. MPT provides the rational to select a combination of risk free assets that would meet the investors objectives.The first and fundamental problem facing the investor is to grant the investment goals and objectives. Only after the clear definition of the investment goals and objectives can the appropriate investment strategies and simulated military operation be established. Conclusion The theme of this proposal is that a sound investme nt decision-making is based on a thorough return and risk analysis, which is the best strategy for maximising a persons wealth. The institutional or corporate investor usually invests to make adequate provisions to cover future liabilities and hedge against the mastery or failure of their enterprise.Various institutional investors have distinctly different liabilities and tax status and therefore require different investment and portfolio structures to meet their respective commitments now and in the future. The first step in the establishment of investment objectives is the determination of the investors needs. The needs of an individual investor will be different from those of an institutional or corporate investor. However the primary motive for investment in all cases is profit. Usually individual investors provide for certain goals, retirement, educating their hildren, or simply hoping to increase their wealth through investment of individuals to money matters, and in particul ar to risks, varies greatly. Some have the attitude that given their investment amount is only small that when investing in risky ventures the risk aspect is insignificant, so they accept the risks quite readily. Other investors would regard the loss of their small investment as a major disaster. Research Design The development of a property investment strategy data collected mainly from secondary sources. plant Purpose of the proposal Question studious Journals Trade Journals Reference Books Sources Official Statistics Technical Reports Libraries and their search engines Research Literature Review articles Design locate Col Evaluate Verify Construct and Incorporate data into the proposal The purpose of this proposal is to examine the way in which an individual decides what is the best investment option to undertake. Included is the discussion of issues on investment strategies risk and return measures limitations investment decisions investment objectives. A variety of industr y sectors were analysed including direct and indirect property and what each of these involve.The graphs in this report were constructed using a vast array of publicly information obtained for the publications review and the secondary sources mentioned. Significants This proposal outlines the framework for determining a sound investment strategy and important steps and criteria a potential investor must undertake in order in maximise their financial wealth. Positive investment results are directly related to a well researched and thought about investment strategy. DefinitionsAsset allocation The proportion of your total capital you invest in the different asset classes. This will be largely determined by your risk profile (ASX) Benchmark The yardstick that a fund manager compares the performance of their fund to, such as the All Ordinaries Index which may be used as a benchmark for Australian Shares (ASX) Diversified Portfolio A portfolio that holds a variety of assets over more th an one asset class or one market. This may include shares, property, or fixed interest (ASX)Gearing Refers to the process of the increasing funds available for investment through borrowing. The ratio of debt finance to equity finance or as The use of long-term debt in financing an entity. Gearing may be measured as EBIT/EBIIT interest, Used to be known as Leverage (ASX) Hedge A transaction, which reduces or offsets the risk of a current holding. (ASX) Liquidity Being able to convert assets into cash easily, quickly and with petty(a) of no loss of capital. A liquid market is a market with enough participants to make buying and selling easy. ASX) Return on investment What you earn from your investments, including dividends, interest or other income and realised capital gains. Return is usually expressed as a percentage of the amount invested. (ASX) Limitations This research proposal of developing a property investment is limited in that it does not take into consideration indivi dual circumstances and further analysis of this should be done before investment begins. This proposal also does not take into the account other factors that affect the market, which can also then affect an investment.This proposal also ignores the adverse tax consequences associated in investment, which are critical in any investment strategy. References Australian Securities Exchange, 2008, (ASX) Bird, P. (1984), Commodities as a hedge against inflation, Applied Economics, Byrne P and Lee S, 2004, Different Risk Measures Different portfolio compositions, Journal of property investment and finance. Enever, N. , Isaac, D. (2002), The Valuation of Property Investments, 6th ed. , Estates Gazette, London, Hargitay.S. E and Yu. S, 1991, Property Investment Decisions a quantitative burn up Joslin, A. (2005), An investigation into the expression of uncertainty in property valuations, Journal of Property Investment & Finance, Vol. 23 McMahon, Walter W. (1998) conceptual Framework for the Analysis of the Social Benefits of Lifelong Learning, Education Economics, Newell G, Kottegoda P and Acheampong P, 2000, Using style analysis to assess direct property performance, Sixth Rim Real Estate Society, SydneyNewell G, Acheampong P, Kishore and Padan M 2000, Diversification issues in property securities funds, Sixth Pacific Rim Real Estate Society, Sydney Property Investment Research, PIR 1998, Melbourne Pyhrr. S. A and Cooper. R. J 1989, Real Estate Investment Strategy, Analysis, Decisions, New York Wiley Rowland. P. J 1997, Property Investments & their financing, 2nd edition, LBC (Thomson) Upton D, 1998 flirting with debt, Property Australia Define Question Secondary sources Collect, Review & analyse data Research report